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IBM 650 Simulator User’s Guide

14-May-2020

Copyright © 1993-2012, Robert M Supnik
Copyright © 2018, Roberto Sancho

COPYRIGHT NOTICE and LICENSE are at the end of this document.

Contents

This manual documents the features and operation of the IBM 650 simulator. It is intended for use in conjunction with the SIMH Users' Guide manual, which describes how to compile and run the simulator, as well as the general commands that may be entered at the Simulation Control Program (SCP) prompt.

The IBM 650 Magnetic Drum Data-Processing Machine

IBM sold the IBM 650 Magnetic Drum Data-Processing Machine from 1953 through 1962. The first unit was installed in December 1954.

IBM made several enhancements during the life of the computer (source: Wikipedia)

  • 1954: Initial model
    • 1K or 2K word drum memory (IBM 650)
    • Connection of one device Card Read Punch (IBM 533 or 537)
    • IBM 407 for off line printing of punched cards
  • 1955: Storage Unit
    • 60 words of core memory
    • 3 index registers
    • Floating Point
    • Magnetic Tape support
    • Connection of up to 3 devices: card read punch or modified IBM 407 for on-line printing
  • 1956: RAMAC Disc support
    • Enhancements in Storage Unit to support disc
    • IBM 838 inquiry stations support
  • 1959: Model 4
    • 4K word drum memory

All of these were vacuum tube machines. Each machine word is composed of 10 decimal digits plus sign. It is a decimal machine.

Reading or writing a word takes 96 microseconds (called the word time in IBM Operation manual and described as having a duration of 0.096 milliseconds). This is the basic machine cycle. As main memory is implemented by a drum, the CPU waits while drum is seeking to the word to read or write. This can take from zero to 49 cycles. An average on optimized code is about 5 cycles per instruction. The execution speed for optimized code is range of 2K instructions per second.

Simulator Files

The simulator sources are divided into a set of files for the Simulator Control Program and its support libraries, and a set of files for the IBM 650 CPU and device simulations; the latter reside in a subdirectory of the directory that contains the SCP files. The former set is common to all SIMH simulators, whereas the latter set is specific to the virtual machine being simulated. The files that make up this simulator are:

Subdirectory File Contains
i650 i650_defs.h System architectural declarations
  i650_sys.c SCPinterface
  i650_cpu.c Main CPU simulator
  i650_cdr.c IBM 533 (card reader part) simulator
  i650_cdp.c IBM 533 (card punch part) and IBM 407 printing simulator
  i650_mt.c IBM 727 tape simulator
  i650_dsk.c IBM 355 RAMAC Disk Storage
  i650_doc.doc Documentation (this file)
  I650_test.ini Executes all the sw rest-run scripts
I650 / sw   Contains the included software and test run script files (See usage section)

PDF files of the original IBM 650 hardware and software manuals are available in Bitsavers repository: http://www.bitsavers.org/

The computer programming and its operation are described in IBM 650 magnetic drum data-processing machine manual of operation, Form 22-6060-2 (1956)

Simulator Features

The IBM 650 simulator contains the following device simulations:

Device Name(s) Simulates
CPU IBM 650 Drum Data Processing Machine
IBM 652 Control Unit
IBM 653 Storage Unit
1K word, 2K word or 4K drum
CDR1 to CDR3 IBM 533 Card Reader
CDP1 to CDP3 IBM 533 Card Punch
CDP0 IBM 407 Printing
MT0 to MT5 IBM 727 Magnetic Tape
DSK0 to DSK3 IBM 355 RAMAC Disk Storage

The simulator has been tested with and supports the following software:

  • IBM SOAP II as stated on 24-4000-0 manual on Bitsavers
  • IBM SOAP IIA-4000
  • IBM Interpretive Floating Decimal Interpretive System
  • Bell Interpretive System
  • Lockheed Regional Assembler
  • Carnegie Internal translator
  • IBM Fortransit (version II (S))
  • Case Institute SuperSoap

The simulator also provides extensive facilities for tracing CPU and I/O device operations.

Hardware-Equivalent Actions

The current implementation does not provide simulations of the CPU or peripheral device front panels. Instead, commands entered through the simulation console are used to perform hardware actions. The simulation commands that substitute for IBM 650 console actions are:

Hardware Console Action Equivalent Simulation Command
Set PROGRAMMED switch to RUN | STOP DEPOSIT CSWPS 0 | 1
Set OVERFLOW switch to SENSE | STOP DEPOSIT CSWOS 0 | 1
Set HALF CYCLE switch to RUN | HALF DEPOSIT HALF 0 | 1
Set ERROR switch Not simulated
Set CONTROL to ADDRESS STOP BREAK <address>
Setting the Console Switches DEPOSIT CSW <value>
Display Lower Accumulator EXAMINE ACCLO
Display Upper Accumulator EXAMINE ACCUP
Display Distributor EXAMINE DIST
Display Program Register EXAMINE PR
Display Read-Out Storage EXAMINE <address>
Display Read-In Storage DEPOSIT <address> <value>
Press TRANSFER Key DEPOSIT AR <address>
Press PROGRAM START Key GO
Press PROGRAM STOP Key ^E on console
Press COMPUTER RESET Key RESET

Mounting media on a peripheral device is simulated by the ATTACH command. For example, entering the ATTACH CDR1 <card-deck-image-filename> command is equivalent to loading the card deck into the read hopper of the IBM 533. .

Simulator Specific Commands

In general, all of the commands documented in the SIMH Users' Guide manual are available for use with the IBM 650 simulator. Commands whose execution or parameters are implementation-defined are specified below.

Symbolic Display and Entry

When examining or depositing into memory, command line switches specifying the symbolic mode and format may be used to override the default numeric mode, as follows:

Switch Mode Interpretation
–C String of up to five character
–M A CPU instruction opcode

If the –C switch is specified, the value is displayed as five characters delimited by single quotes.

Depositing with –C accepts up to five displayable characters. They can optionally be enclosed by quotes (single or double). If less than five are supplied, the command pads on right side with spaces up to five characters. If more than five are supplied, the sixth and following characters are ignored. If a character not belonging to the IBM 650 character set is supplied, it is interpreted as space. If a character not belonging to the IBM 650 character set is displayed, it is shown as ~. Lowercase letters are converted to uppercase.

If the –M switch is specified, the value is displayed or accepted as a CPU machine instruction opcode mnemonic, as described in the Operation Manual. Note that the names of opcodes can range from two letters such as RD up to five letters such as BRMIN. The names used are not the SOAP assembler ones (all of them have three letters).

If neither switch is used, the normal 10-digit decimal form is assumed. Digits can be separated by spaces for ease of reading. A sign can be included before of just after the last digit (no space separator). If number has less than 10 digits, it is assumed to have leading zeroes. Values are displayed as 10 adjacent digits followed by a trailing sign. A negative zero (minus zero) value is allowed.

Memory addresses are entered as 4 decimal digits without intervening spaces.

Examples

examine 0100
100: 9011112222-

examine --c 0100
100: 9011112222- '0~~~~'

examine --m 0100
BRD10 1111 2222

deposit --c 0100 hola
examine --c 0100
100: 6876736100+ 'HOLA '

deposit --c 0100 ' HOLA'
examine --c 0100
100: 0068767361+ ' HOLA'

The DEPOSIT and EXAMINE SCP command accepts addresses in the drum range, from 0 to 999, or to 1999 depending on the size of drum memory. EXAMINE accept addresses of 8000 and beyond for the console, distributor, and lower and upper accumulators; and (if Storage Unit enabled) index registers and IAS storage contents.

RESET

The RESET command is equivalent in hardware to pressing the COMPUTER RESET console button.

The PROGRAM RESET and ACCUMULATOR RESET console buttons are not simulated.

RUN and GO

The RUN and GO commands do not accept any parameter addresses. Execution will start at the address specified by the AR register.

The IBM 650 does not have a Program Counter/Instruction Counter register. Architecturally, it is not necessary, as each instruction word contains the address of the next instruction to execute.

Register AR indicates the address of the instruction to be loaded in the PR register, thus acting as the Program Counter on the first half of instruction execution (I-Cycle). However, is overwritten by the address of the data read or written during instruction execution (D-Cycle). If an error occurs during a D-Cycle, e.g. the data address to be read from the drum is invalid, the CPU stops without updating the AR register with address of the next instruction. As the simulator reproduces this behavior, AR cannot be used as a Program Counter. Also note that as AR is overwritten during instruction execution, there is no trace at all of where the current instruction in the PR register came from the drum.

SimH relies on a Program Counter for command display of user information. For example, when the CPU stops, the simulator uses the program counter to display the current instruction address and mnemonic on the simulation console.

To permit this, a fictional IC register (Instruction Counter) has been added to the simulation even though it has no equivalent on real hardware. This register keeps track of the address of the current instruction for display purposes.

As this IC register has no use in the simulated CPU, altering its value has no effect. This is why it is necessary to deposit the address in the AR register to set the address of the next instruction to execute.

The RUN command does an implied RESET, so it is equivalent in hardware to pressing the console panel RESET COMPUTER key, then the TRANSFER key, and finally the PROGRAM START key. As reset clears all of the registers, AR will be zero, so execution starts at drum address zero.

The GO command is equivalent to pressing the TRANSFER key on the console and is the way to start or resume execution after a programmed halt. Execution starts at the instruction addressed by the AR register value.

There is a special case when program halts on a STOP opcode instruction.

STOP instruction is the normal way to end a program or to stop execution because there is an error to notify to the computer operator. Normally the error code is the contents of DA part of STOP instruction, shown on computer console as AR register value.

When cpu halted on STOP instruction, if the user enters a GO command on SCP console, then the program execution will resume using STOP’s instruction IA address, instead of current AR contents.

This allows using the GO command to resume the execution after a programmed stop.

STEP

The STEP command is used to execute program instructions on a one by one basis.

By default, when the simulator steps, it executes a full instruction cycle (an I-Cycle and a D-Cycle) and then stops.

On real hardware, stepping is done only by cycle halves. This is simulated with:

DEPOSIT HALF 1

In this case, STEP will only execute an I-Cycle or a D-Cycle alternatively. Examining the HALF CPU register will show which cycle will be done on next step: 1 for an I-Cycle, or 2 for a D-Cycle.

To return to normal full instruction cycle execution on stepping, set the value to zero:

DEPOSIT HALF 0

During stepping, the IC register will show the next instruction to be executed. If the CPU stopped because of an error, IC points to the current offending instruction, not to the next one.

If half cycle stepping is set, the same instruction will be displayed twice (first on the I-Cycle step, and then on the D-Cycle step)

CARDDECK

This command allows to manipulate card deck files.

The general syntax is:

CARDDECK [-Q] <operation> <parameters ... >

Allowed operations are

  • SPLIT: to split source deck in two decks based on a criteria
  • JOIN: to join two or more decks in one destination deck
  • PRINT: to print the given deck

Default format for card files is AUTO, this allow mix source decks with different formats. To set the format for carddeck operations use.

SET CDR0 FORMAT=<format>

See section IBM 533 Card Reader/Puncher (CDR) for details on formats.

Switches:

-Q              quiet operation. Suppress messages.

CARDDECK SPLIT

Split either the source deck file or the deck being punched in IBM 533 device in two separate destination decks.

CARDDECK SPLIT <count> < dev | file0 > <file1> <file2>
<count>

Split the source deck based on number of cards.

<count> is the number of cards in the first destination deck, remaining cards goes to second destination deck.

If <count> is negative, it indicates the number of cards to be kept in second destination deck, remaining cards goes to first destination deck.

If <count> is 5CD, the command assumes that the source deck contains 5-word-per-load-card. The command will put 5-word-per-load-cards in second destination deck, and the rest of cards in first destination deck.

If <count> is PAT, the command assumes that the source deck contains SOAP availability cards (as result of a PAT pseudoop execution during assembly). The command will put availability cards in second destination deck, and the rest of cards in first destination deck.

< dev / file0 >

If this parameter is CDP1, CDP2 or CDP3, the source deck will be taken from attached file to the device (a file must be attached, and it is automatically detached).

If not a device, this parameter indicates the filename for source deck.

  • <file1> First destination deck file
  • <file2> Second destination deck file

Files are overwritten if already exists

Both <file1> or <file2> can have same name as source deck (either the given <file0> or the attached file to cdp device)

If 5CD or PAT is used, the selected cards will go to second deck. If no card is found in source deck, the second deck will contain no cards and in consequence, <file2> will have a size of zero bytes. In this case, the command deletes <file2> to avoid generating an empty file.

SimH reads the whole source deck file at once in an internal buffer (room for 10K cards), then writes the destination files. Therefore, there is no problem on using same file name as source and destination.

Examples:

carddeck split -10 cdp1 deck1.dck deck2.dck

Put punched cards on deck1.dck, except the last 10 cards that goes to desc2.dck

carddeck split 20 deck1.dck nul deck1.dck

Removes firsts 20 cards from deck1.dck

carddeck split pat deck1.dck deck1.dck nul

Discard availability cards from deck1.dck

carddeck split 5cd deck1.dck deck1.dck condensed.dck

Generates a condensed deck file only if deck1.dck contains 5-word-per-card-load cards.

CARDDECK JOIN

Join several source deck files in one destination deck file.

CARDDECK JOIN <file1> <file2> ... <file N> AS <file>
<file1>

First source deck file

<file2>

Second source deck file .

<file N>

Nth source deck file

AS <file>

Destination deck file

Destination file is overwritten if already exists

Any source file can have same name as destination deck.

SimH reads all the source deck files one by one in an internal buffer (room for 10K cards), then writes the destination file. Therefore, there is no problem on using same file name as source and destination,

Examples:

carddeck join deck1.dck deck2.dck as deck2.dck

Add deck1 at the beginning of deck2.

carddeck join deck1.dck as deck2.dck

Created deck2 as duplicate of deck1

If cdr0 format is AUTO (default), duplicating a deck (carddeck join deck1.dck as deck2.dck) allow to convert source deck (in any format) to TEXT

CARDDECK PRINT

Print deck on console and on simulated IBM 407 is any file is attached to cpd0

CARDDECK PRINT <file>
<file>

Deck to print

CARDDECK ECHOLAST

Display on console (but do not print on simulated IBM 407) the lasts cards that has being processed and are in the card reader take stacker of IBM 533 Card Read-Punch

CARDDECK ECHOLAST <count> <dev>
<count>

The command will display <count> last cards arrived to take hopper

< dev >

This parameter should be CDR1, CDR2 or CDR3. Is the device unit to use when looking for cards in take hopper.

Examples:

carddeck echolast 3 cdr1

Displays last 3 cards read by cdr1 unit.

Device Configuration

Most devices support user configuration. The general forms of the configuration commands are:

SET {<switch> ...} <device> <option>{,<option> ...}
SET {<switch> ...} <unit>   <option>{,<option> ...}

The options available and applicable switches are described in the individual device descriptions below.

Enabling and Disabling Devices

All devices other than the CPU, CDR and CDP may be disabled or enabled. Disabling a device simulates removing the associated equipment from the main CPU console. To disable or enable a device, use:

Command Action
SET <device> DISABLED Disable the device
SET <device> ENABLED Enable the device

MTn (magnetic tape) and DSKn (disk units) are enabled by default

Tracing Simulator Operations

The simulator provides options for extensive tracing of the internal operations of selected devices. This is useful as an aid to hardware and software debugging as well as to gain an understanding of the internal operations of the simulated devices. Devices offer multiple trace reporting levels, from command overviews to detailed operation. Tracing for each device and its separate reporting levels may be enabled independently.

To obtain a trace, two SCP commands must be given.

  • First, a debug log must be established with the SET DEBUG <target> command. This command is described in detail in the “Controlling Debugging” section of the SIMH Users' Guide manual. The target can be a text file, so that the trace may be reviewed after capture, or stdout to display the trace data on the console as it is generated.

  • Second, tracing must be enabled for the desired devices with SET <device> DEBUG=<option> commands. The formats of the trace outputs are specific to the devices being traced. All traces for a device can be enabled at once with a SET <device> DEBUG command.

Tracing does impose some overhead on the simulator, with more detailed tracing slowing the simulator more than higher-level tracing. No overhead is incurred when tracing is suspended with the SET NODEBUG command, even if individual device tracing options remain in effect.

Processor Device Simulations

Central Processing Unit

The IBM 650 computer console contains the machine-instruction execution unit and the main drum memory. The CPU is configured with commands of the form:

SET CPU <option>

Device options that may be specified are:

Option Action
1K Set the drum memory size to 1000 words
2K Set the drum memory size to 2000 words
4K Set the drum memory size to 4000 words
DEBUG=<option> Enable tracing
NODEBUG Disable tracing (default)
SOAPMNE Use SOAP opcode mnemonics
DEFAULTMNE Use regular IBM opcode mnemonics (default)
FAST Execute all instructions in one cycle
REALTIME Simulate real number of cycles (default)
STORAGEUNIT Enable IBM 653 Storage Unit
NOSTORAGEUNIT Disable IBM 653 Storage Unit (default)
CNTRLUNIT Enable IBM 652 Control Unit
NOCNTRLUNIT Disable IBM 652 Control Unit (default)
TLE Enable Table LookUp on equal feature
NOTLE Disable Table LookUp on equal feature (default)

There is no memory default value. Must be set each time the simulation is started.

Speed

Main computer memory is drum based. Drum rotates at 12500 rpm, this defines the basic timing interval of the CPU: the word time which is 96 microseconds (stated as 0.096 milliseconds in manual)

Word time is also the basic timing unit on simulator. By issuing the SCP command:

SET THROTTLE 11K

… it is possible to simulate the speed of real hardware. Note that throllelling needs some seconds to calibrate, during this time CPU will execute at faster speed. As an alternative, to simulate real hardware speed starting at the first simulated instruction, use the already calibrated form of command:

SET THROTTLE 55/5

This will pause host computer 5 msec each 55 simulated word times.

Note that on average, on optimized code an instruction needs 5 words times to execute. This means that on real hardware, the average execution speed is 2000 instructions per second on average.

The above commands sets how much word times per second will be executed by simulator. Another element to consider is the number of word times an instruction needs to execute.

IBM 650 simulator reproduces the number of word times each instruction needs depending on instruction type, Data Address used, and angular position of drum. AL (Add Lowe) instruction needs from 5 (best case) up to 103 word times.

The user can disable the simulation of execution time, so all instructions will need only one word time to execute.

SET CPU FAST       each instruction needs only one word time to execute
SET CPU REALTIM    simulate real number of word times needed

Mnemonics

IBM defines the regular instruction opcode mnemonics in Operation Manual. These mnemonics range from 2 letter (e.g. AL – Add Lower) to 5 letter (BRNZU. Branch if Non-Zero Upper). Simulator will use this mnemonics by default.

SOAP provides a new set of instruction opcode mnemonics, all of them with 3 letters (AL becomes ALO, BRNZU becomes NZU)

With the generalization of SOAP usage, IBM changed the mnemonics in its manuals revisions. For example, IBM 650 magnetic drum data-processing machine manual of operation, Form 22-6060-2 (1956) and IBM 650 MDDPM Additional Features, Form 22-6258-0 (1955) uses regular mnemonics, while IBM 650 Data Processing System Bulletins, Forms 24-5000-0 up to 24-5004-0 (1958) uses SOAP mnemonics.

Simulator allows to choose the mnemonics to be used with the following options

SET CPU SOAPMNE       to use SOAP mnemonics
SET CPU DEFAULTMNE    to use regular mnemonics (default)

Simulator will accept both mnemonic types on DEPOSIT SCP command whatever this setting is. EXAMINE –M command will take the setting in consideration when displaying the opcode mnemonic.

Storage unit

In 1955 IBM releases the IBM 653 Storage Unit that provides IBM 650 with additional features:

  • Immediate Access Storage (IAS)
  • Index registers
  • Floating Point support
  • Synchronizers 2 & 3

Storage unit can be enabled using the following options

SET CPU STORAGEUNIT      enable IBM 653
SET CPU NOSTORAGEUNIT    disable (default)

When Storage unit is enabled, the simulator

  • recognizes and executes the additional instruction opcodes for IAS, Index, etc.
  • displays the new opcodes with EXAMINE** **–M command
  • allows to enter the new opcodes with DEPOSIT –C command
  • allows the command EXANIME to display the contents of Index registers at address 8005, 8006 and 8006, and IAS storage at address 9000-9059

Simulation Stops

The IBM 650 simulator implements several unique stop conditions:

  • Unknown Opcode
  • IO Error (no card in hopper, read/punch failure, disk error)
  • Programmed Stop
  • Overflow
  • Opcode Execution Error
  • Address Error (Store attempt to address 800X, address out of drum memory)

Tracing

When a debug log has been established, tracing may be configured by specifying one or more of the reporting level options:

Option Reporting Level
CMD Opcode instructions executed
DATA Memory data accesses
DETAIL Register values or processing information

Registers

The CPU state contains the registers visible to the programmer (either on code or thru the IBM 650 console):

Name Size Description
DIST 10 Distributor
ACCLO 10 Lower Accumulator
ACCUP 10 Upper Accumulator
PR 10 Program Register
AR 4 Address Register
OV 1 Overflow
CSW 10 Console Switches
CSWPS 1 Console Switch Programed Stop
CSWOS 1 Console Switch Overflow Stop

Size is given in digits, not in bits. If size is 1, only 0 and 1 values are allowed.

If size is 10, sign is also included.

In addition, these register are implemented in simulator for convenience

Name Size Description
IC 4 Current Instruction address
HALF 1 Deposit: enable (1) /disable (0) half cycle stepping.
Examine: executing I-Cycle (1) or D-Cycle (2)
PROP 2 Last executed Instruction Operation Code

PROP pseudo register is very useful to allow SCP script to test for example if cpu has stopped because last instruction was HLT.

IBM 533 Card Reader/Puncher (CDR)

The card reader (CDR) reads simulated punched card decks into the computer. Card decks are simulated as file with ASCII lines with terminating newlines.

Card reader files can be either text (one character per column) or column binary (two characters per column). The file type can be specified with a SET command:

SET CDR1 FORMAT=TEXT         sets ASCII text mode
SET CDR1 FORMAT=BINARY       sets for binary card images.
SET CDR1 FORMAT=BCD          sets for BCD records.
SET CDR1 FORMAT=CBN          sets for column binary BCD records.
SET CDR1 FORMAT=AUTO         automatically determines format.

The ATTACH command simulates putting a card deck in the reader hopper:

ATTACH CDR1 <file>

Symbolic Information Load

The simulator supports loading symbolic information. If the file is attached with the –L switch, and it is a standard 1-word load card at address 1951, then the symbolic information will be associated with the machine address where the load card deposit the word.

ATTACH CDR1 --L <file>

The symbolic information loaded remains associated with the machine address until a SET CPU <size> command is issued. When this happens, all symbolic information for all addresses is removed.

For example, given the card deck text file (deck.dck) in one-word load format:

6I1954195C 0015241000800?000000000D   startnop 0000 setx
6I1954195C 0016240004800?600007001A   setx rauone   stx  set x
6I1954195C 0017240011800?210027003?   stx  stup0001      to 1
6I1954195C 0018240030800?190033000C        mpya          calculate
6I1954195C 0019240003800?150006006A        alob          f
6I1954195C 0020240061800?608002001I        rau 8002
                 ---     ----------   Load address, instr, symbolic

The deck is load and run:

set cpu 2k                          set 2k memory drum, clears symb info
set debug -n debug.txt              create new file debug.txt for ...
set cpu debug=cmd;data;detail       ...CPU debug info
att cdr1 --l deck.dck               attach program deck w/ symbolic info
d csw 7019519999                    setup load card instruction ...
d ar 8000

go                                  ... load program into drum
d ar 1000                           setup program start address
go                                  run the program

The simulator generates the following debug information in the debug.txt file as result of execution:

DBG()> CPU CMD: Exec 1000: 00 NOOP 0000 0004   symb: start nop 0000 setx
DBG()> CPU CMD: Exec 0004: 60 RAU 0007 0011    symb: setx rau one stx set x
DBG()> CPU DATA: ... Read 0007: 0000000001+
DBG()> CPU DETAIL: ... ACC: 0000000001 0000000000+, OV: 0
DBG()> CPU CMD: Exec 0011: 21 STU 0027 0030    symb: stx stu p0001 to 1
DBG()> CPU DATA: ... Write 0027: 0000000001+
DBG()> CPU CMD: Exec 0030: 19 MULT 0033 0003   symb: mpy a calculate
DBG()> CPU DATA: ... Read 0033: 0000000002+
DBG()> CPU DETAIL: ... Mult ACC: 0000000001 0000000000+, OV: 0
DBG()> CPU DETAIL: ... by DIST: 0000000002+
DBG()> CPU DETAIL: ... ACC: 0000000000 0000000002+, OV: 0
DBG()> CPU CMD: Exec 0003: 15 AL 0006 0061     symb: alo b f
DBG()> CPU DATA: ... Read 0006: 0000000003+
DBG()> CPU DETAIL: ... ACC: 0000000000 0000000005+, OV: 0
DBG()> CPU CMD: Exec 0061: 60 RAU 8002 0019    symb: rau 8002

Punched cards character set

The standard IBM 026 KeyPunch has two available character sets for creating punched cards:

Keypunch 026 character sets

The IBM 650 simulator always uses the FORT character set.

Each card contains 80 columns; each column has 12 lines that can be punched.

  • The upper line on the card: called High Punch, Hi Punch, 12, Y or Y(12)
  • The line bellow: called 11, X, X(11) or Minus Punch
  • The lines identified as 0 to 9

The following card image shows the punches corresponding to each available character:

Keypunch 026 card image

When simulating these cards as text files, each column can be mapped to an ASCII character as follows:

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9       numeric digit 0 to 9
? A B C D E F G H I       0 to 9 with Y(12) High Punch set
! J K L M N O P Q R       0 to 9 with X(11) Minus Punch set
a b c x y z               regular alphabetic characters
( ) \$ . , = + - / \*     allowed symbols

A load card is identified by a Y(12) punch set on any of the 80 columns.

Note that the character set is tied to IBM 026/IBM 407 and not to the IBM 650 itself.

When preparing source program cards to be read by a program, some characters are forbidden:

  • uppercase letters A to I
  • the question mark (?)
  • plus sign (+) on column 1

If these characters are used, they will be interpreted as numbers with Y(12) set, the whole line (i.e. the punched card corresponding to this line) will be interpreted as a load card, and the program will crash when trying to execute it.

Note that the dot (.) and left parenthesis ()) characters, even if they are coded with Y(12) punches, are not tested by the simulator when checking if the current card is a load card.

IBM 650 stores alphabetic characters using two digits. The following table describes the 650 code for each character, and it card punch equivalent code

650 code to card code tables

(table taken from http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/650/29-4047_FORTRAN.pdf page 36)

IBM 533 Card Punch (CDP)

The card punch (CDP) punches card decks with data sent from computer. Card decks are simulated as files.

Card punch files can be either text (one character per column) or column binary (two characters per column). The file type can be specified with a SET command:

SET CDP1 FORMAT=TEXT       sets ASCII text mode
SET CDP1 FORMAT=BINARY     sets for binary card images.
SET CDP1 FORMAT=BCD        sets for BCD records.
SET CDP1 FORMAT=CBN        sets for column binary BCD records.
SET CDP1 FORMAT=AUTO       automatically determines format.

The ATTACH command simulates putting a blank card deck into the card punch feed hopper:

ATTACH CDP1 <file>

IBM 727 Magnetic Tape (MT)

The Magnetic Tape (MT) reads and writes reels of magnetic medium. Tape reels are simulated as files in standard SimH tape format.

To use tapes, both IBM 652 Control Unit and IBM 653 Storage Unit must be enabled. If not, tape opcodes will be not available, and cpu will halt on trying to execute them with undefined opcode error.

Six tapes are allowed, ranging from MT0 to MT5. MT0 maps to 8010 address, MT5 to 8015 address.

The ATTACH command simulates mounting and loading a tape reel in tape unit:

ATTACH MTn <file>

Each individual tape drive support several options:

SET MTn REWIND          Sets the mag tape to the load point.
SET MTn LOCKED          Sets the mag tape to be read only.
SET MTn WRITEENABLE     Sets the mag tape to be writeable.
SET MTn LENGHT          Set tape medium length (50 to 10000 foot).
SET MTn FORMAT=SIMH     Sets SIMH tape format
SET MTn FORMAT=E11      Sets E11 format.
SET MTn FORMAT=TPC      Sets TPC format.
SET MTn FORMAT=P7B      Sets P7B format.

By default, tapes have a length of 2400 foots.

IBM 355 RAMAC Storage (DSK)

The RAMAC Disk Storage (DSK) reads and writes to one up to four hard disk units. Hard disk units are simulated as files.

To use RAMAC, both IBM 652 Control Unit and IBM 653 Storage Unit must be enabled. If not, disk opcodes will be not available, and cpu will halt on trying to execute them with undefined opcode error.

Four disk units are allowed, ranging from DSK0 to DSK3.

The ATTACH command simulates powering on disk unit:

ATTACH DSKn <file>

Panel Wiring

The IBM 650 has no I/O formatting facilities. It only can read and punch cards using the IBM 533 device.

Formatting is done by wiring the IBM 533 control panel. This maps how the words sent by the computer are to be punched. In addition, the wiring maps how the punch marks read from cards are to be set up as word values.

In each program’s documentation it is usual to have a section describing the needed IBM 533 control panel wiring, the column format for input card, and maybe the panel wiring for the IBM 407 to printout the results.

This wiring is outside the scope of the current simulation. In order to use the IBM 533, several predefined wirings have been defined. These can be selected using

  SET CDR1 WIRING=<option>
or
  SET CDP1 WIRING=<option>

Where <option> can be one of the following:

<Option> Description
SOAP Simulates SOAP II assembler wiring
SOAPA Simulates SOAP IIA multipass assembler wiring
SUPERSOAP Simulates SuperSoap assembler
IS Simulates Bell Floating Point Interpretive System wiring
IT Simulates IT Compiler wiring
8WORD Simulates an 8 word per card wiring, with no translation (default)
RA Simulates wiring for Lockheed Regional Assembler cars
FDS Simulates wiring for Interpretive Floating Decimal System
FORTRANSIT Simulates FORTRANSIT Compiler wiring

The 8WORD wiring just punches/reads cards with the word value from the first eight words of the I/O buffer. No character translation is done.

Printing

The IBM 650 has no special I/O for printing. On real hw, printing is done by the following procedure

  1. Collect punched cards from IBM 533
  2. Feed them into the card input hopper of an IBM 407
  3. Set up the IBM 407 control panel wiring to obtain the desired print formatting
  4. Print the cards from the input hopper

On real hardware this is a manual offline procedure, done outside of computer’s control.

To simulate printing, it is possible to attach a file to device CDP0 that will act as the printer part of the IBM 407. For example:

attach cdp1 deck.dck
set cdp1 wiring=soap
set cdp1 echo
set cdp1 print
attach cdp0 printout.txt

The SCP command attach cdp1 deck.dck saves the cards punched by simulated IBM 533 to the file deck.dck. Then the required wiring is selected with set cdp1 wiring=soap. This defines the formatting to be used for words sent by the computer to be punched or printed.

The SCP command set cdp1 echo instructs the simulator to echo the printed format of each punched card to the console.

The SCP command set cdp1 print instructs the simulator to send the printed format of each punched card to the file attached to device CDP0.

Software Support

This IBM 650 release supports the following software:

Interpretive Floating DecimalSystem

Description

Interpreter for floating point calculation, Sep/1954

Hardware needed

basic IBM 650, 2k drum, IBM 533 card read-punch

Documentation

Appl Sci Tech Newletter 08 Sep54.pdf (pages 18-37)
Documentation URL: http://www.bitsavers.org/ pdf/ibm/periodicals/Applied_Sci_Tech_Newsletter/

CDR/CDP Wiring

FDS

Card deck

fds.dck

Source

(no source)

Comments

This is an Interpreter for floating point calculation, developed by IBM. Available on IBM 650 launch. Allows mixing interpretive instructions with native 650 instructions.

Regional Assembly Routine

Description

Regional assembler, Jun/1955

Hardware needed

basic IBM 650, 2k drum, IBM 533 card read-punch

Documentation

Appl Sci Tech Newletter 10 Oct55.pdf (pages 32-49)
Documentation URL: http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/periodicals/Applied_Sci_Tech_Newsletter/

CDR/CDP Wiring

RA

Card deck

ra.dck (five-field per card)

Source

(no source)

Comments

This is regional Assembler developed at Missile Systems Division Lockheed Aircraft Corporation.

It is a regional assembler (as IBM 701 Regional Assemble) symbolic: that is, no mnemonics allowed.

Floating Point Interpretive System

Description

Interpreter for floating point calculation (BELL interpreter), Mar/1956

Hardware needed

basic IBM 650, 2k drum, IBM 533 card read-punch

Documentation

28-4024_FltDecIntrpSys.pdf

Documentation URL: http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/650/

CDR/CDP Wiring

IS

Card deck

is.dck (1-word per card load cards)

Source

is_main_src.txt

Comments

This is also known as the BELL interpreter, and it is a descendent of the IBM 701 SpeedCoding system. It predates SOAP, so source is given as list of words to be loaded in drum.

Optional decks are available:

  • is_trace_src.txt to enable tracing
  • is_set_loopbox.txt to allow calculated indexing (needed by is_example1_src.txt`)

Internal Translator, 1956

Description

Algebraic Compiler (IT Compiler)

Hardware needed

basic IBM 650, 2k drum, IBM 533 card read-punch

Documentation

CarnegieInternalTranslator.pdf

Documentation URL: http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/650/

CDR/CDP Wiring

IT

Card deck

it_compiler.dck (1-word per card load cards)

Source

it_compiler_listing.txt

Comments

IT source listing requires SOAP I. As it is not available, it has been slightly modified to be assembled with SOAP II. Also, the SOAP patches stated in listing are to be applied on SOAP I deck. They have been modified to be applied to SOAP II instead.

SOAP II, 1957

Description

Assembler

Hardware needed

basic IBM 650, 2k drum, IBM 533 card read-punch

Documentation

24-4000-0_SOAPII.pdf

Documentation URL: http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/650/

CDR/CDP Wiring

SOAP

Card deck

  • soapII.dck (1-word per card load cards)
  • soapII_condensed_card.dck (7 words per card load cards)

Source

soap_src.txt

Comments

Many versions were produced.

  • SOAP (first version 1956)
  • SOAP II (mid-1957)
  • SOAP IIA (end-1957).

Versions also exists for specific hardware configurations:

  • SOAP IIA 4000 (for 4k drum machines)
  • Tape SOAP II (for tape machines)

FOR TRANSIT, Aug/1957

Description

Fortran Compiler

Hardware needed

IBM 650 with IBM 653 Storage Unit, 2k drum, IBM 533 card read-punch

Documentation

28-4028_FOR_TRANSIT.pdf (the program listing is in CarnegieInternalTranslator.pdf file)

Documentation URL: http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/650/

CDR/CDP Wiring

FORTRANSIT

Card deck

  • fortransit_translator.dck
  • fortransit_it_compiler.dck (1-word per card load cards)

Source

fortransit_translator_compiler_listing.txt

Comments

There were 4 versions:

  • Fortransit I
  • Fortransit II
  • Fortransit I (S)
  • Fortransit II (S)

“I” and “II” indicates the it_compiler to be used.

“I” is for basic IBM 650, and “II” is for IBM 650 + IBM 653..

“S” indicates the version of fortransit translator to be used.

“S” is to be used when IBM 533 included the special character option.

The available is Fortransit II (S)

SOAP IIA-4000, 1959

Description

Assembler

Hardware needed

basic IBM 650, 4k drum, IBM 533 card read-punch

Documentation

SOAPIIA-4000_listing.pdf (24-5013-0_SOAP2L.pdf contains al complete description of assembler)

Documentation URL: http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/650/

CDR/CDP Wiring

SOAPA

Card deck

soap4.dck

Source

soa4p_src.txt

Comments

Supports tape library and multipass assembling

SuperSoap, 1959

Description

Assembler

Hardware needed

basic IBM 650, 2k drum, IBM 533 card read-punch, RAMAC disk unit, TLE feature enabled

Documentation

102784983-05-01-acc.pdf

Documentation URL: https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2018/07/

CDR/CDP Wiring

SUPERSOAP

Card deck

` ssoap_main.dck`

Source

ssoap_main_core_src.txt

Comments

This assembler resides in RAMAC. Supports tape/disk or card output.

Simulator Usage

Assemble a SOAP Program

Files Description Hardware equivalent
soapII.dck SOAP II assembler deck Punched card deck
source.dck Source program to be assembled Punched card deck
deck_out.dck Assembled program output Blank cards deck
print.txt SOAP assembly listing printout Paper listing

The following steps are described on page 15 of the SOAP II manual (24-4000-0) in the "Machine Operator's Guide" section:

SCP Commands Comment Real Hardware equivalent
set cpu 2k Use a 2k machine SOAP II needs a 2k machine.
set cdr1 wiring=soap Set SOAP wiring In IBM 533
att cdr1 soapII.dck Attach soap Read-Punch unit:
Place SOAP deck in read hopper
set cdp1 wiring=soap   Insert SOAP II
att cdp1 deck_out.dck Attach file for control panel
assembled program output		 Ready punch feed with blank cards
dep cswps 1 These are the Set programmed
  defaults and can be switch to STOP
dep half 0 omitted Set half cycle switch to RUN
     
dep cswos 0   Set control switch to RUN
Set display switch to DISTRIBUTOR
Set overflow switch to SENSE
Set error switch to STOP
dep csw 7019519999 Load a read card
(RD) opcode at address 8000 (the storage entry switches address)		 SOAP is being loaded, set (70,1951, 9999) in storage entry switches
Press computer-reset key
go and execute it. Press program-start key (Computer stops when finished loading SOAP deck into drum)
att cdr1 source.dck Set up the simulated IBM 407 for printing the punched cards that will be generated. Put source deck in read hopper
set cdp1 echo, print Set up to print and display cards punched as they are generated.  
att cdp0 print.txt Output file  
dep csw 0000001000 Start SOAP at address 1000 Set (00, 0000, 1000) in storage entry switches.
dep ar 8000    
go   Press computer-reset key
Press program-start key.
det cdp1 The deck_out.dck file has the assembled program punched cards. Get cards punched from the IBM 533 output stacker.
     
det cdp0 The Print.txt file has the assembly listing in a readable format Move them to the IBM 407 input feed to print the assembly listing.

Available Software

The available software files are in i650/sw directory. These files have been typed from listings information from documents available on BitSavers.

  • xxx_run.ini script will allow to load and run source program given as parameter.

  • build_xxx.ini will allow to build the main program deck.

All ini files an in i650/sw directory. The language files in its own folder

Interpretive Floating Decimal System

Files Description
run_fds.ini SimH script to load and run fds programs
fds/ Folder contents:
load_ card.dck Loader for FDS deck in five-word format (load card)
5440.2009_INTERPRETIVE_FDS.crd FDS main deck (five-word format), binary format
ra_starter_card.dck Regional assembler starter card (see doc) (load card)
example.txt Sample program

How to run:

sim> do run_ra.ini print_drum_ctrl_cards.txt print_drum_src.txt 0900 deck_in.dck

Regional Assembler

Files Description
run_ra.ini SimH script to load and run source programs
regional/ Folder contents:
load_id_card.dck Loader for any deck in five-field format (load card)
ra.dck Regional assembler main deck (five-field format)
ra_starter_card.dck Regional assembler starter card (see doc) (load card)
punch_drum_a_to_b.dck Sample assembled prog (five-field format)
punch_eighths_drum.dck Sample assembled prog (five-field format)
print_five_field_ctrl_cards.txt Sample Reg.Ass. source program (control cards)
print_five_field_src.txt Sample Reg.Ass. source program

How to run:

im> do run_ra.ini print_drum_ctrl_cards.txt print_drum_src.txt 0900 deck_in.dck

Floating Point Interpretive System

Files Description
build_is_from_decks.ini SimH script to build IS main deck from source using SOAP II
run_is.ini SimH script to load and run source programs
bell/ Folder contents:
00_readme.txt Restoration comments
is_sys_load_src.txt Source for program build (system loader)
is.dck Main program deck (1-word load format)
is_main_src.txt Main program source
is_trace_src.txt Main program source for trace
is_set_loopbox.txt Main program source extension
is_example_1_src.txt Sample IS source. Prints prime numbers < 50

How to run:

sim> do Build_is_from_decks.ini ntr lbox
sim> do run_is.ini bell/is_example_1_src.txt

SOAP Assembler

Files Description
build_soap_from_source.ini SimH script to build SOAP from source using condensed SOAP II card deck
run_soap.ini SimH script to assemble and run source programs using SOAP II
run_soap4.ini SimH script to assemble and run using SOAP IIA-4000
soap/ Folder contents:
00_readme.txt Restoration comments
soap_listing.txt Main program assembly listing (SOAP II)
soap_src.txt Main program source
soapII.dck Main program deck (1-word load format)
soapII_condensed_card.dck Main program deck (7-word per card load format)
soap_example_1_src.txt Sample 1 SOAP source (as in manual)
soap4_listing.txt Main program assembly listing (SOAP IIA-4000)
soap4_src.txt Main program source
soap4.dck Main program deck (1-word load format)
soap4_lib.txt SOPA IIA-4000 Tape Librarian
soap4_example_lib_routines.txt Sample routines for library tape
soap4_example_tap.txt Sample usage of library routines with TAP pseudo-op

How to run:

sim> do build_soap_from_source.ini
sim> do run_soap.ini soap/soap_example_1_src.txt 1000

; build SOAP-4000 from source

sim> do run_soap4.ini soap/soap4_src.txt

; create SOAP-4000 library tape

sim>del soaplib.tap

; assemble librarian program (soap4_lib.txt) and run it (starts at addr 1000)
; as data gets the routines to be loaded in library tape (soap4_lib_routines.txt)
; must use SOAPA wiring on card read and punch

sim> do run_soap4.ini soap/soap4_lib.txt 1000 soap/soap4_example_lib_routines.txt SOAPA SOAPA

; now test library tape usage
sim> do run_soap4.ini soap/soap4_example_tap.txt 1000

Internal Translator (IT Compiler)

Files Description
   
run_it.ini SimH script to compile and run source programs
it/ Folder contents:
00_readme.txt Restoration comments
it_compiler_listing.txt Compiler assembly listing
it_compiler.dck Main program deck (1-word load format)
soap_patch_listing.txt Patches on SOAP listing (as on manual)
soapII_patch.txt Text file that describe patches on SOAP II
soapII_patch.dck Patches to SOAP II (1-word load format)
soapII.dck SOAP II to be patched (1-word load format)
it_reservation_p1.dck Reservation for Runtime Package P1 source
it_reservation_p1.dck Reservation for Runtime Package P2 source
it_reservation_p2.dck Reservation for Runtime Package P3 source
it_reservation_p4.dck Reservation for Runtime Package P4 source
it_reservation_p1_listing.txt Reservation for Runtime Package P1 assembly listing
it_reservation_p2_listing.txt Reservation for Runtime Package P2 assembly listing
it_reservation_p3_listing.txt Reservation for Runtime Package P3 assembly listing
it_reservation_p4_listing.txt Reservation for Runtime Package P4 assembly listing
it_package_p1.dck Runtime Package P1 (1-word load format)
it_package_p2.dck Runtime Package P2 (1-word load format)
it_package_p3.dck Runtime Package P3 (1-word load format)
it_package_p4.dck Runtime Package P4 (1-word load format)
it_package_p1_listing.txt Runtime Package P1 assembly listing
it_package_p2_listing.txt Runtime Package P2 assembly listing
it_package_p3_listing.txt Runtime Package P3 assembly listing
it_package_p4_listing.txt Runtime Package P4 assembly listing
it_subr_cos_listing.txt Cosine subroutine assembly listing
it_subr_sqrt_listing.txt Square root subroutine assembly listing
it_example_1_src.txt Sample 1 source (as in manual)
it_example_1_data.txt Sample 1 input data
it_example_1_out.txt Sample 1 output data
it_example_2_src.txt Sample 2 IT source. Prints prime numbers < 50

How to run:

sim> do run_it.ini it/it_example_1_src.txt it/it_example_1_data.txt

sim> do run_it.ini it/it_example_2_src.txt nul deck_out.dck

FORTRANSIT

Files Description
build_fortransit_pack.ini SimH script to build PACKAGE from source using regular SOAP II card deck
run_fortransit.ini SimH script to compile and run source programs
fortransit/ Folder contents:
00_readme.txt Restoration comments
fortransit_translator_listing.txt Fortransit Translator assembly listing
it_compiler_listing.txt Fortransit IT compiler assembly listing
fortransit_addfn_listing.txt Fortransit Add Function title card
pack_listing.txt Fortransit run time PACKAGE assembly listing
fortransit_translator_src.txt Translator source
fortransit_addfn_src.txt Add Function title card
pack_entry_src.txt PACKAGE entry points source
pack_res1.txt Reservation for PACKAGE build source
pack_res2.txt Reservation for PACKAGE usage source
fortransit_translator.dck Main program deck (1-word load format)
fortransit_addfn.dck Main program deck (1-word load format)
it_compiler.dck Main program deck (1-word load format)
pack.dck Runtime PACKAGE (1-word load format)
soapII.dck Regular SOAP II assembler (1-word load format)
fortransit_example_1_src.txt Sample Fortransit source. Prints prime numbers < 50
fortransit_example_2_src.txt Sample Fortransit source as in manual (rectangular
fortransit_example_2_data.txt matrix multiplication) and input data
fortransit_example_3_src.txt Sample Fortransit source as in manual
fortransit_example_4_src.txt Sample Fortransit source. Package functions test
fortransit_example_5_src.txt Sample Fortransit source. Card punch graphics

How to run:

sim\> do run\_fortransit.ini fortransit/fortransit\_example\_1\_src.txt
sim\> do run\_fortransit.ini fortransit/fortransit\_example\_2\_src.txt fortransit/fortransit\_example\_2\_data.txt

SuperSoap

Files Description
build_ssoap_ramac_from_decks.ini SimH script to build SuperSoap into RAMAC for later use
run_supersoap.ini SimH script to assemble and run supersoap main deck
run_supersoap_ramac.ini /using already built supersoap into RAMAC
supersoap/ Folder contents:
00_readme.txt Restoration comments
ssoap.txt SuperSoap assembled listing recovered from doc
ssoap_main_core_src.txt SuperSoap source code
ssoap_main.dck SuperSoap assembled main deck (resides on drum)
ssoap_core.dck SuperSoap assembled core deck (resides on core)
ssoap_loader_src.txt SuperSoap loader source code
build_ssoap_ramac_src.txt Build loader+main+core into RAMAC
ssoap_calling_card.txt SuperSoap calling card listing from doc
ssoap_calling_card.dck SuperSoap calling card deck
ssoap_example.txt SuperSoap example listing from doc
ssoap_example_src.txt Example source code
ssoap_example_src.txt Example source code

How to run:

sim> do build_ssoap_ramac_from_decks.ini

This generates the ramac0.dsk disk image file that contains SuperSoap loaded in it, ready to use with the following scripts:

sim> do run_supersoap_ramac.ini supersoap/ssoap_example_src.txt
sim> do run_supersoap_ramac.ini supersoap/ssoap_main_core_src.txt

Running demo script

The file i650_demo_all.ini executes all the scripts in sequence. Between each script, SimH asks

Press Enter to continue . . .

All the console output is available in console.txt file.

This script can be used as an example of other scripts usage.

File extensions

The simulator does not enforce any extension for any file. Nevertheless, some extension are used as a convention on the script files

Extension Meaning
*.dck Ascii text format card deck
*.crd Binary format card deck
*.tap Magnetic tape image file
*.dsk RAMAC disk unit image file
*.ini SimH i650 simulator script
*.txt Text file
*_src.txt editable source code (text format) card deck
*_listing.txt original listing as found in original doc

Version History

  • Release 1: Mar/2018

  • Hardware support:

    • 1k and 2k drum machine.

    • IBM 533 card read-punch

    • Drum timing simulation

  • Software included:

    • SOAP II One pass assembler

    • Floating Point Interpretive System

  • Release 2: Apr/2018

  • New Hardware support:

    • Half cycle simulation

    • Halt CPU simulation (\^E on SimH console)

  • New Software included:

    • Carnegie Internal Translator (IT) algebraic compiler

  • New features:

    • Support for displaying SOAP symbolic instructions in debug information

    • CardDeck internal command to split/join/print decks of cards

  • Bugs corrected:

    • Fixed card format handling. Release 1 can only read TEXT format punched cards. Release 2 can read any SimH supported formats BIN, TEXT, BCD, CBN, EBCDIC and OCTAL

    • Removed superfluous line ends from debug strings. Release 1 adds a redundant \r to debug output. Release 2 removes the extra unneeded \r

    • Better minus zero support

    • Fixed unneeded prompt Really truncate memory [N] when setting memory size

  • Release 3: May/2018

  • New Hardware support:

    • IBM 653 Storage Unit: provides machine opcodes for Floating Point, Immediate Access Storage (IAS), Three Index registers, Cards Punch-read synchronizers 2 and 3.

  • New Software included:

    • FORTRANSIT: version II (S), plus run time PACKAGE with standard Fortran functions. Is a 704 Fortran I port.

    • Reorganized sw directory, separating each language in its own folder. Each one includes a 00_readme.txt file with restoration notes and comments.

  • New features:

    • Support for SOAP opcode mnemonics in addition to regular IBM mnemonics

    • FAST / REALTIME CPU options

    • PROP pseudo register

    • CARDDECK ECHOLAST command to display on console last n read cards that are in the simulated take stacker.

  • Bugs corrected:

    • Fixed a bug in combined usage of –C and –M flags with examine: EXAMINE –C –M <addr> was showing always opcode NOP. Now shows the correct opcode

    • Fixed a bug that prevented EXAMINE to work with addresses 8000 and beyond. Now EXAMINE can display register contents at address 8000 and beyond.

    • Fixed a bug in DIV opcode: divide was ignoring higher digit of accumulator (assuming always as zero). Now DIV takes in considerations all digits.

    • Fixed a bug in HLT opcode: on programmed stop, AR was displaying IA part of HLT opcode instead or DA part. Now HLP sets AR with DA contents when stopped, but allows SCP GO command to continue execution.

    • Fixed a bug in SCT opcode: accumulator negative sign was reset if upper accumulator is not zero and lower accumulator is zero on instruction execution entry. Now SCT keeps unchanged accumulator sign.

    • Fixed a bug in SRD opcode: a shift of 0 was performing no shifts. Now SRD performs 10 shifts when asked for zero as defined in manual.

  • Release 4: May/2020

  • New Hardware support:

    • IBM 650 Model 4 with 4000 words drum memory.

    • IBM 652 Control Unit: provides up to 6 tape units IBM 727

    • Table LookUp on equal feature (provides TLE opcode)

    • IBM 355 RAMAC Disk Storage

  • New Software included:

    • SOAP IIA-4000 multipass assembler

    • SOAP IIA-4000 Tape Librarian

    • Regional Assembler

    • SuperSoap

  • New features:

    • CARDDECK SPLIT command now allows to split availability table deck and condensed 5-word-per-load-card deck.

  • Bugs corrected:

    • Removed query “really truncate memory” when reducing drum size

    • Fixed bug on reading cards in binary mode. Bits 16-13 where expected to be zero. Now are ignored and can have any value.

    • Fixed bug in IAS to DRUM transfers (was not stopping on end of IAS)

    • Fixed Overflow (OV) handling. All arithmetic opcodes were resetting OV flag. Now only BOV opcode resets OV flag.

    • Opcodes for card read-punch on Synchronizer 2 and 3 were missing. They has been added (RD2 RC2,WR2, RD3, RC3, WR3)

    • Fixed a bug in PCH opcode. When punching from IAS memory, Timing ring was set incorrectly. Now sets the correct value on instruction execution termination.

    • Fixed a bug in BDn opcode. If value in distributor is negative machine halts. Now sign is ignored on digit comparing against 8 or 9 value.

    • Fixed bug in NZA/B/C opcodes. Was branching to DA address on index=0. Now branch to DA address when index<>0

    • Fixed bug in LDI/LIB opcode. Was loading DIST with first word transferred. Now LDI/LIB does not modifies the distributor

    • Fixed bug in STC opcode. Was not handling the case AccUp=zero in the same way as stated in manual.

    • Fixed Index register arithmetic (opcodes RAA/B/C, RSA/B/C, AXA/B/C, SXA/B/C). Was not allowing negative values. Now it allows values from -9999 to +9999

    • Fixed Index register arithmetic (opcodes RAA/B/C, RSA/B/C, AXA/B/C, SXA/B/C). Was not updating distributor when reading operand value. Now sets the distributor with operand value when performing arithmetic on address 8000-8003, 8005-8007, 9000-9059. This behavior was not stated in docs, but expected by SuperSoap program.

COPYRIGHT NOTICE and LICENSE

The following copyright notice applies to the SIMH source, binary, and documentation:

Original code published in 1993-2012, written by Robert M Supnik

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL ROBERT M SUPNIK BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Except as contained in this notice, the names of the authors shall not be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale, use or other dealings in this Software without prior written authorization from each author.