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SIMH IBM 1130 and DMSR2V12 Reference Guide

23-Nov-2012

Copyright © 2002-2012, Brian Knittel, www.ibm1130.org

COPYRIGHT NOTICE and LICENSE are at the end of this document.

This is a work in progress.

Contents

Introduction to the IBM 1130

The IBM 1130 minicomputer was introduced by IBM in 1965 to serve the needs of scientific and engineering customers too small to afford IBM’s newly-introduced Series /360 computers. The 1130 found wide acceptance in the educational market as well, as attested to by the number of middle-aged programmers’ resumes that a Google search will turn up.

The 1130 came with a macro assembler and Fortran and RPG compilers as standard software. Cobol and APL were available as add-on products. 1130 system configurations could include the following devices:

  • IBM 1131 CPU with 4, 8, 16 or 32 K 16-bit words of 3.6us or 2.2us core memory, 512K word removable cartridge hard disk, integral Selectric printer and Hollerith keyboard
  • IBM 1132 Printer—80 lpm with alphanumeric mix, 110 lpm numeric only
  • IBM 1442 Card Read/Punch Model 6, 7—300 or 400 cards/min read, 80 cols/sec punch
  • IBM 1442 Card Punch Model 5A or 5B - 80 or 160 cols/sec punch
  • IBM 2501 Card Reader Model A1 or A2—600 or 1000 cpm
  • Synchronous Communications Adapter—Bisync/STR
  • IBM 1231 Optical Mark Page Reader—33 pages/min
  • IBM 1055 Paper Tape Punch and IBM 1134 Paper Tape Reader—60 cps read, 14 cps punch
  • IBM 1627 Plotter Models 1 or 2—.01” resolution, 1800 or 1200 steps/min
  • IBM 1131 Storage Access Channel—interface for the following options:
  • IBM 1133 Multiplex Control Enclosure—second SAC interface & multiplexer for disks
  • IBM 1403 Printer Model 6 or 7—340 or 600 lpm
  • IBM 2310 or 2311 Disk cartridge or Disk Pack—up to 5,120 KW additional storage
  • IBM 2250 Graphical Display unit—21” CRT, 1024x1024 resolution, display-list processor with light pen & keyboard
  • Interface to IBM System/7 real-time acquisition system

A typical small system might include the 1131 CPU with 8KW or 16KW memory and the internal hard disk, an 1442 card read/punch, and the 1132 printer, as shown below.

1130 system: CPU, Card reader/punch, and printer

It was not a screamingly fast machine, but it could serve the needs of a small civil engineering firm, or a community college’s Fortran programming classes.

The 1130’s CPU was built using the Solid Logic Technology (SLT) circuitry developed by IBM for the S/360 series computers. For these circuits, IBM developed a method of densely packing individual transistors, diodes and other circuit components on a small ceramic plate, rather than relying on the new and unproven monolithic integrated circuit technology that was just emerging at that time. Individual transistor and diode dice were placed upside down on the ceramic substrate onto tiny solder balls, and the assembly was heated to melt the solder. The 1130’s CPU is built from an array of small plug-in circuit boards, each holding typically four or five discrete resistors or capacitors and four to eight half-inch square metal cans containing SLT circuits. The CPU and was not based on a modern ALU/microcode model but was hardwired to decode and implement each of its instructions.

SLT module

SLT Module card (about 2” × 3”) with four SLT circuit modules (square metal cans). Inset shows a close-up of the inside of a typical SLT circuit.

The Emulated 1130

The IBM1130 emulator is based on Bob Supnik’s SIMH package as part of the Computer History Simulation Project (see https://opensimh.org and http://simh.trailing-edge.com). The simulator and ancillary programs such as the cross-assembler are written in ANSI-C, and may be compiled on Unix, Linux, VMS and Win32 platforms.

The program is a command line, text based program. A graphical user interface option is available on Win32.

The emulated system sports the following hardware devices:

  • IBM 1131 CPU with internal disk, printer and keyboard
  • Four additional disk drives
  • IBM 1132 Printer or IBM 1403 Printer
  • IBM 1442 Card Read/Punch Model 7, or IBM 2501 Card Reader and 1442 Punch
  • IBM 1627 Plotter
  • IBM 1055 Paper Tape Punch and IBM 1134 Paper Tape Reader
  • IBM 2250 Graphical Display Unit (Windows builds only)
  • Synchronious communication adapter (not completed; work in progress).

The default configuration provides 16 KW of memory, but this is adjustable.

The emulator software package includes the IBM 1130 Disk Monitor System Version 2 Release 12, which includes the Macro Assembler and Fortran compiler. RPG is not yet available. The disk image included in the standard download (dms.dsk) is built for a 16KW machine with the 1132 printer.

  1. You can find the most current version of the emulator and this documentation at http://www.ibm1130.org. Sign up for the ibm1130.org mailing list if you want to be notified of software updates or upcoming events.

  2. Windows builds of latest version of the emulator contains a new “drag and drop” interface that isn’t well debugged yet, but it’s getting there. There are notes about using this interface later in this manual.

Files Included with the Emulator

The emulator and software are distributed in two ways: one for users who have the entire SIMH package, and another for users who want to download just the IBM1130 emulator.

SIMH Users

Download ibm1130code.zip, which contains the files in the ibm1130 subdirectory in the main simh tree. This zip file does not contain any of the scp or sim source files.

Download ibm1130software.zip to get the Windows emulator, DMS image, DMS sources, sample jobs and ancillary programs.

Standalone Users

Download ibm1130.zip to get the source code for the emulator. This zip includes a several files which are part of the SIMH emulator package.

Download ibm1130software.zip to get the Windows version of the emulator, DMS image, DMS sources, sample jobs and ancillary programs.

If you want to use the Windows version of the emulator and do not wish to modify the emulator source code, you only need to download and install ibm1130software.zip

What’s in the ZIP files

Files in ibm1130.zip (emulator sources):

Filename Contents
ibm1130.ico Windows icon
1130consoleblank.bmp background image for Windows GUI
1132empty.bmp Drawings of the 1132 printer and 1442 card
1132full.bmp reader in their “full” and “empty” states, used
1442empty.bmp by the GUI.
1442full.bmp  
1442eof.bmp  
ibm1130_cpu.c CPU emulation
ibm1130_cr.c card read punch emulation
ibm1130_disk.c disk emulation
ibm1130_fmt.c card input reformatter
ibm1130_gdu.c 2250 graphical display unit emulation
ibm1130_gui.c emulator console GUI
ibm1130_plot.c plotter emulation
ibm1130_prt.c printer emulation
ibm1130_ptrp.c paper tape read/punch emulation
ibm1130_sca.c synchronous communication adapter emulation
ibm1130_stddev.c console printer and toggle switch emulation
ibm1130_sys.c emulator helper routines
ibm1130_t2741.c remote Selectric terminal emulation
scp.c simh main program[1]
scp_tty.c simh console IO routinesError: Reference source not found
sim_sock.c simh network IO routines Error: Reference source not found
sim_tmxr.c emulator serial port emulation IO routinesError: Reference source not found
HAND.CUR cursor for Windows GUI
dmsr2v12phases.h DMS phase information for debugging purposes
dmsr2v12slet.h DMS disk location information for debugging purposes
ibm1130_conin.h ASCII to console keyboard code (hollerith) table
ibm1130_conout.h console printer code to ASCII table
ibm1130_defs.h emulator definitions
ibm1130_prtwheel.h 1132 and 1403 printer code sequence tables
ibm1130res.h Windows GUI resource constants
sim_defs.h simh definitionsError: Reference source not found
sim_rev.h simh definitionsError: Reference source not found
sim_sock.h simh definitionsError: Reference source not found
sim_tmxr.h simh definitionsError: Reference source not found
ibm1130.mak Windows VC2+ makefile for emulator with GUI
ibm1130.rc Windows GUI resource definitions
makefile makefile for emulator for other OS’s
readme_update.txt comments
readme1130.txt comments

Files in ibm1130software.zip (DMS and sample files):

Filename Contents
asm emulator script for assembler job
for emulator script for Fortran job
gdu emulator script for GDU sample program
job emulator script for generic job
list emulator script for disk listing job
loaddms emulator script for system load job
guijob emulator script to boot DMS; useful with GUI
dbootcd.asm source code for DMS boot card
fsysldr2.asm edited version of system loader part 2
gdu.asm sample program to demonstrate 2250 display
zcrdumpc.asm copy of ZCRDUMPC with comments
zdcip.asm copy of disk cartridge initialization program
mkdms.bat Windows batch file to build DMS binary files needed for loaddms job
loaddms.deck DMS initial load deck
ibm1130.doc This manual
dms.dsk Preloaded DMS bootable disk
asm1130.exe Cross assembler (Win32 executable)
bindump.exe assembler binary display utility (Win32 exec)
checkdisk.exe disk dump utility (Win32 exec)*
ibm1130.exe Emulator (Win32 executable)
mkboot.exe assembler binary to boot card converter (Win32 exec)
viewdeck.exe binary deck listing utility (Win32 exec)*
csort.job sample job deck
for.job generic Fortran job deck
gdu.job job deck to run GDU.ASM
list.job job deck to list disk contents
pltpn.job Installs routine PLTPN for programmatic control of emulated plotter’s pen
roots.job job deck to print table of square roots
swave.job job deck to plot sine wave on line printer
readme1130.txt extra copy of readme file
utils/ sources for emulator utility programs
utils/asm1130.c cross assembler source
utils/bindump.c assembler binary display utility[2]
utils/checkdisk.c disk check utility source†
utils/diskview.c disk dump utility source†
utils/mkboot.c assembler binary to boot card converter
utils/viewdeck.c binary deck listing utility†
utils/\*.mak Microsoft VC2+ makefiles
dmsr2v12/ sources for DMS
dmsr2v12/(a-d)\*.asm System loader modules
dmsr2v12/emonitor.asm extracted part of PMONITOR (used to construct system load deck)
dmsr2v12/fsysldr2.asm system loader part 2
dmsr2v12/j\*.asm DUP sources
dmsr2v12/kforph\*.asm Fortran compiler phases
dmsr2v12/n\*.asm Supervisor and Resident monitor
dmsr2v12/ocldbldr.asm Core load builder
dmsr2v12/p\*.asm Resident monitor and device IO routines
dmsr2v12/pmondevs.asm extracted part of PMONITOR (used to construct system load deck)
dmsr2v12/ptmasmbl.asm Macro Assembler
dmsr2v12/r\*.asm Library routines
dmsr2v12/s\*.asm Library routines
dmsr2v12/t\*.asm Library routines
dmsr2v12/u\*.asm System library routines
dmsr2v12/v\*.asm Plotter routines
dmsr2v12/w\*.asm SCS (serial IO) routines
dmsr2v12/z\*.asm standalone utilities and coldstart cards
onecard/ coldstart-mode cards from Oscar Wyss
onecard/oc\*.asm coldstart-mode cards from Oscar Wyss

Installing the Emulator

Installing on Windows

To use the emulator on Windows, download ibm1130software.zip from www.ibm1130.org or www.quarterbyte.com and unzip it into a working directory, say \ibm1130. This directory will contain the Windows executables and the sample job files.

If you want to work with the emulator source code, follow the instructions for working with other operating systems as described in the next section. If you have a Microsoft compiler you can use the .mak files provided with the source code. If you use another compiler, you can use the standard makefiles.

Installing and Building for Other Operating Systems

If you have an operating system besides Windows, or if you wish to work with the emulator’s source code, you can use one of two methods to build the emulator: you can build it as part of the SIMH package, or you can build it as a standalone program.

Building IBM1130 as part of SIMH

  1. Get the most current SIMH source code package from simh.trailing-edge.com.

  2. Expand the zip file, retaining the directory structure

  3. Get the most recent 1130 subdirectory update from www.ibm1130.org/ibm1130code.zip, or if that fails, ww.quarterbyte.com/ibm1130code.zip

  4. Expand the 1130 zip file into the ibm1130 directory under simh. This will give you the most current version of the 1130 emulator

  5. Use the SIMH makefile to build the emulator. You may modify the makefile to specify an output directory for the executables that is in your path, or you may move the executables to a directory in your path after building.

  6. In the ibm1130\utils directory, use the makefile to build the accessory programs. Move the executables to a directory in your path.

  7. Download ibm1130software.zip from simh.trailing-edge.com or www.ibm1130.org or www.quarterbyte.com.

  8. Unzip the software zip file into a directory that you want to use for your 1130 projects. You can delete all of the Windows .exe files.

Building IBM1130 as a Standalone Program

  1. Get the most recent 1130 standalone emulator package from www.ibm1130.org/ibm1130.zip, or if that fails, www.quarterbyte.com/ibm1130.zip

  2. Expand the zip file into a source code working directory, say \ibm1130\source.

  3. Use the supplied makefile to build the emulator. You may edit the makefile to specify an output directory for the executables that is in your path, or you may move the executables to a directory in your path after building. If you are using a Microsoft compiler on Windows, you may use the supplied .mak files instead of makefile.

  4. In the ibm1130\utils directory, use the makefile or the .mak files to build the accessory programs. Move the executables to a directory in your path.

  5. Download ibm1130software.zip from simh.trailing-edge.com or www.ibm1130.org or www.quarterbyte.com.

  6. Unzip the software zip file into a directory that you want to use for your 1130 projects. Since you are using your own builds of the programs, delete all of the Windows .exe files that came with this zip file.

Using the Emulator

Start the emulator by typing the command

ibm1130

Later on , you may wish to run an emulator script directly from the command line by typing

ibm1130 scriptfile [arg1 arg2...]

While the program is running, the following control keys simulate certain 1130 keys and buttons:

Key Corresponds to
Ctrl+E Immediate Stop
Ctrl+P Int Req
Ctrl+Q Program Stop
Ctrl+U Erase Fld

The following emulator commands perform the same function as certain 1130 control buttons:

Command Corresponds to
go Pressing Program Start
deposit ces xxxx Setting the Console Entry Switches to hex value xxxx
deposit iar xxxx Pressing Load IAR with console switches set to xxxx
reset Pressing Check Reset
boot dsk Pressing Check Reset, Program Load, Program Start with the DMS R2V12 cold start card in the card reader
boot cr Pressing Check Reset, Program Load, Program Start to boot from the card reader. (The virtual card reader must be attached to a binary file containing the image of a cold-start card)

Emulator Commands

This is a list of the emulator’s commands. Some will be described from a functional standpoint later in this manual. Commands and keywords can be abbreviated; the minimum abbreviations are show in boldface.

In this table, device refers to the name of a given device class, such as dsk for disk drives or cr for the card reader. Unit refers to a specific unit of the given class, for example, dsk0, dsk1, dsk2, etc. Where a unit name is expected, if the unit number is omitted, unit 0 is implied. So, as a unit name, dsk refers to dsk0.

Command Description
attach [options] unit filename attach file to simulated unit
backtrace [n] list last n branches/skips/interrupts[3]
boot unit bootstrap unit
cgi run emulator in CGI mode
cont continue simulation
delete filename remove named file
deposit list val deposit in memory or registers
detach unit detach file from simulated unit
do scriptfile [arg, arg …] process command script
dump filename [args …] dump binary file
echo _arg _… echo arguments passed to command
examine list examine memory or registers
{exit | quit | bye} exit from simulation
go [address] start simulation, optionally specifying run address
help type this table of commands
help command type help for a specific command
ideposit list interactive deposit in memory or registers
iexamine list interactive examine memory or registers
load filename [args …] load binary file
phdebug {off | phlo phhi} break emulation on phase loadError: Reference source not found
reset [ALL | device] reset simulator or individual device class
{restore | get} filename restore simulator from file
run [address] reset and start simulation
save filename save simulator to file
set {device | unit } parameter set device/unit parameter
set device {OCT | DEC | HEX} set device display radix
set log filename enable logging to file
set nolog disable logging
set notelnet disable Telnet for console
set telnet port enable Telnet port for console
show {device | unit} show device parameters
show configuration show current device configuration
show devices show list of all devices
show log show state of simulator logging
show modifiers show all available options for all devices
show queue show simulator event queue
show telnet show console Telnet status
show time show simulated time
show version show simulator version
step [n] simulate n instructions and halt
view filename view a text file with Windows Notepad
where address find phase and offset of a system address

DO Scripts

You may put frequently-used sets of commands into a text file and execute it as a script using the “do” command:

sim> do filename [argument1 argument2 …]

Any arguments entered after the script filename are available to the script as tokens %1, %2, etc. These substitution tokens may also appear in deck files (see “Indirect (deck) files” on page 18).

Drag and Drop

The GUI window that appears in Windows has a new, relatively untested feature that allows you to use “drag and drop” to run scripts and insert card deck files into the virtual card reader. Here’s how it to use it:

  • To load a card deck file into the 1442 card reader, drag the file from an Explorer window and release it on the 1442 card reader icon. The emulator will automatically determine if this file is a binary card image file or an ASCII file. You can only attach one file at time this way.

  • To load an indirect “deck file,” that is, a file that lists the names files to be read, hold the Shift key down when you release the dragged file on the 1442 card reader icon. See “Indirect (deck) files” on page 18 for more information.

  • To run a simulator “do” script, drag the script file and release it anywhere on the simulator window but on the 1442 card reader icon.

  • To “tear off” and view printer output, click the 1132 printer icon picture. The file containing the print output is reset to an empty file after the Notepad window opens.

    See “Running DMS Entirely from the GUI” on page 27 for instructions on using this GUI.

Emulator Commands for Peripheral Control

The CPU

The reset command resets the CPU and all hardware devices.

Modifying Registers

You can view and modify CPU the following CPU registers:

Register Name Description
IAR Instruction Address Register (program counter)
ACC Accumulator
EXT Accumulator Extension
Oflow Overflow bit
Carry Carry bit
CES Console Entry Switches (Switch 0 = 8000, Switch 1 = 4000, … Switch 15 = 0001).

The registers can be viewed and modified with the examine and deposit commands:

Command Action
sim> examine register Displays the contents of a CPU register. Most registers are also displayed on the GUI.
sim> deposit register value Sets the specified register to the specified value.

You can also issue the command go address to set the IAR and start the processor at the same time. If you are using the GUI, you can enter values in the IAR and Console Entry Switches through the GUI switches. To load the IAR, enter a value in the switches and click Load IAR.

By default, values are displayed and entered in hex, although you can change this with the command set cpu oct or set cpu dec.

CPU Debugging

sim> ATTach cpu filename.log
sim> GO
sim> DETatch cpu
sim> view filename.log

Attaching a file to the CPU device creates a log showing CPU register values before each instruction and lists each instruction executed. This can create quite large output files, so it must be used carefully.

Configuring Memory

You can adjust the amount of memory in the emulated processor with the set cpu command. The default allotment is 16K words. The options are:

sim> set cpu 4K
sim> set cpu 8K
sim> set cpu 16K
sim> set cpu 32K

Note: The DMS operating system should be rebuilt before running with a different memory configuration. The DMS image dms.dsk provided in the distribution zip file is configured for the default 16K machine.

Enabling and Disabling the GUI

On Windows builds, you may turn the GUI display on and off with the set gui command:

set gui on
set gui off

You can start the emulator with the GUI turned off by running ibm1130 with the -g command line option.

Console Printer and Telnet Support

By default, the main SIMH window serves as the 1130’s console, so, your computer’s keyboard serves as the console keyboard, and the SIMH window displays console typewriter output. There is at present no support for ribbon color in this window.

When the simulator is running, the following keyboard mappings are recognized:

Keyboard 1130 System
Ctrl+E IMMEDIATE STOP
Ctrl+P PROGRAM STOP
Ctrl+Q INT REQ
Ctrl+U ERASE FLD
Enter End of Input

If you issue the SIMH command

set telnet *portnumber*

for example

set telnet 1130

then the SIMH console window is NOT used for the 1130’s console keyboard and printer. Instead, the simulator accepts a telnet session to port 1130 and uses that for console IO.

(If you want the simulator to be reachable by machines other than the local host, be sure to open this port in your computer’s firewall. On Windows, this is most easily done by adding program ibm1130.exe to the Windows Firewall exception list).

With telnet enabled, you can enable ANSI color control sequences with

set tto ansi

so that ribbon color shifts will be simulated.

The commands

set notelnet  
set tto noansi

disables telnet and restores input and output through the SIMH console window, and disables ANSI ribbon color control commands.

The default output mapping converts the Selectric rotate/shift codes to standard ANSI ASCII characters. You can output actual Selectric codes using the command

set tto 1130

The command

set tto apl

assumes that the 1130’s Selectric has an APL typeball installed, and maps characters to the output to the APLPLUS font. (This is useful only in conjunction with a telnet session).

The output mapping can be customized using the FONT command, but this is not documented here at present.

The command

set tto ansi

restores normal character mapping.

Line Printer

The emulated system has one line printer, which can be specifed to be an 1132 or a 1403 printer. The default configuration uses the 1132. If you plan on running intensive print output runs, it may be worth altering the setup and reloading DMS to use the 1403, which is much faster in emulation, just as in real life.

Attaching an Output File

sim> attach prt filename

Viewing Printer Output

sim> detach prt
sim> view filename

The View command is available only in the Windows version of the emulator. In other operating systems, you’ll have to use a separate console session to view the output file if you do not want to exit the emulator program.

Sending Printer Output to Stdout

sim> attach prt -

This can be useful if you want to set up batch processing scripts that process an input deck, send output to stdout and then quit. This turns the emulator into a filter rather than an interactive program.

Selecting the Printer Model

sim> set prt 1403
sim> set prt 1132

Default is 1132.

  1. If you change the printer mode, your programs must be modified, and you will have to rerun the DMS cartridge load procedure with the appropriate device configuration cards.

    For an 1132 printer, Fortran requires an *IOCS (1132 PRINTER) card, and you must write to logical unit 3. For a 1403 printer, use an *IOCS (1403 PRINTER) card and write logical unit 5.

Disk Drives

The emulator supports up to five 512K word disk drives. Each drive is represented by a 1 Mb file on the host computer. Disk images must be initialized before they can be used by DMS.

  1. I have not yet tested the emulator with more than one disk drive.

Attaching a Disk Image file

sim> attach dsk filename.dsk

sim> attach dsk1 filename.dsk

…

sim> attach dsk4 filename.dsk

The emulator will create the image file if it does not already exist.

Detaching a Disk Image file

sim> detach dskn

Read-only Mode

sim> attach -r dsk filename.dsk

A disk drive may be attached in read-only mode by specifying the -r option. Write operations to the disk will fail.

  1. DMS will not tolerate a read-only boot drive

Memory Cache Mode

sim> attach -m dsk filename.dsk

The -m option directs the emulator to cache the disk image in memory. The file is read once when the attach command is issued, and is written back only when the disk is detached, or when the emulator terminates.

CGI mode

sim> cgi [maxsec]
sim> attach -m -r dsk filename.dsk

When -m and -r are used together in CGI mode, changes to the disk image are not written back out when the disk is detached or when the emulator terminates. This lets the emulation perform read and write operations without modifying the underlying file. The emulator opens the file in read-only mode to avoid access permission issues.

The optional argument maxsec on the CGI command sets a run time limit so that a runaway emulated program doesn’t hang indefinitely. If the more than maxsec seconds elapse, the emulation is terminated gracefully with an appropriate error message.

DMS tracing

sim> attach -d dsk filename

The -d option instructs emulator to display a debugging trace printout of all disk reads and writes sector by sector, showing location, phase ID and phase name for DMS components. Output is written to stdout (the emulator console window).

Initializing a Disk Image

sim> attach dskn filename.dsk

sim> load zdcip.out

sim> go

Before an 1130 disk cartridge can be used by DMS, it must be initialized (formatted). This can be done by DMS, if it is running, or by the standalone program zdcip. Zdzip is provided with emulator package as a load-mode format file. The program prompts you to make Console Switch settings and press Program Start to indicate desired actions. You can use the GUI or the following commands to format a disk:

sim> deposit ces 0200 (switch 6)

sim> go

sim> deposit ces n (drive number used in attach, e.g. 0)

sim> go

sim> deposit ces nnnn (desired cartridge ID # in hex, e.g. 2222)

sim> go

sim> go

sim> reset

The disk image may now be used with DMS.

Card Reader

Attaching a File to the Card Reader

sim> attach cr filename

Inserts file filename into the virtual card reader. After one or more records have been read, you must detach the reader and reattach the file if you want to run your job again. There is no “rewind” command.

Detaching the Card Reader

sim> detach cr

Removes the current file from the card reader.

Binary vs ASCII decks

By default, the emulator assumes that files attached to the card reader are ASCII. The contents are converted to 029 keypunch Hollerith code on input. Unrepresentable characters (including ascii Tab) are replaced with blanks. Lines shorter than 80 characters are padded with blank to 80 characters. Lines longer than 80 characters are truncated.

You can select any of four alternate conversion formats:

Command Result
sim> set cr 029 Input is ASCII, converted to 029 character set (default)
sim> set cr 026F Input is ASCII, converted to 026 Fortran character set[4]
sim> set cr 026C Input is ASCII, converted to 026 Commercial character setError: Reference source not found
sim> set cr binary Input is binary

In binary mode, the input file must be consist of a sequence of fixed-length 160-byte records, one for each card. Each record consists of 80 words stored in “little-endian” order, that is, least significant byte first. The correspondence between card rows and the bits in each word are shown below.

MSB                             LSB
12 11 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - - - -

Indirect (deck) files

sim> attach cr @filename

A series of files may be “stacked” into the card reader through the use of deck files. A deck file contains a list of filenames that are to be read in sequence. The following input lines are recognized:

  • Blank lines and lines starting with * are ignored

  • Lines starting with an exclamation point (!) are read as literal text cards after discarding the exclamation point.

  • Other lines are taken to contain filenames. The filename may be followed with the letter a to indicate an ASCII text file (using the currently selected ASCII to hollerith conversion table), or the letter b to indicate a binary card image file.

By convention, deck files are named xxx.deck.

A sample deck file might look like this:

* A boot card, followed by a Fortran program and data

bootup.crd b

!// FOR

program.for a

!// XEQ

program.dat a

When you are using a “do” script, indirect files may also make reference to the do command’s arguments using the tokens %1, %2, etc. This makes it possible to write scripts and construct deck files that can run arbitrary programs. For instance, a standard Fortran compile-and-run job might be run with the command

sim> do fortran myprogram.for

If you used the following script file named fortran:

* standard Fortran job - run with command

do fortran sourcefile \[datafile\]
attach dsk dms.dsk
delete fortran.lst
attach prt fortran.lst
attach cr fortran.deck
boot dsk
detach prt
detach cr
view job.lst

and the deck file fortran.deck:

deck file for script "fortran"
!// JOB
!// FOR
%1
!// XEQ
%2

the “do” argument myprogram.for will be substituted in the deck file, and the source program will thus be inserted between the // FOR and // XEQ cards. If a second argument is specified on the do command line, it will be read after the // XEQ card. If no second argument is specified, the substituted line will be blank and no error will result.

Reading Stdin

sim> attach -a cr -

This can be used to run the emulator as a filter, reading input decks from stdin and writing output to stdout. In this mode a script should be used to configure the emulator, attach stdin and stdout to the reader and printer respectively, run the job, and quit so that no user input is requested. In this case, the -q flag may be passed on the ibm1130 command line to prevent it from printing informational messages.

Attachment to a Real Card Reader

The simulator supports attachment to a physical card reader using a custom protocol called CARDREAD. This has been used to let the simulated 1130 use a Documation card reader through a USB (virtual serial) interface device documented in http://media.ibm1130.org/sim/cardread.zip. The command

sim> attach cr -p com2

attaches the card reader to a physical reader using the CARD READ protocol through serial port COM2.

Card Punch

Punching Cards

sim> attach cp filename

The emulated card punch is iffy. It appears to work but has not been well tested.

1627 Plotter

The compiled Windows version of ibm1130.exe distributed by ibm1130.org has plotter support built int, using the libgd graphics library. If you download ibm1130.exe from simh.trailing-edge.com or other locations, plotter support will not be included. If you compile ibm1130.exe yourself, see the notes in ibm1130_plot.c

Starting a Plot

The default plot will be 11” wide and 8” long, although you can make longer plots. You can issue a set command to alter the length of the plot paper in inches using

sim> set plot length value

The default pen is black and one pixel wide. You can change the pen using the following commands

set plot black changes the pen color
set plot red
set plot blue
set plot green
set plot yellow
set plot purple
set plor ltgrey
set plot grey
set plot 1.0 changes pen thickness
set plot 2.0
set plot 3.0
set plot 4.0

Then, use the command

sim> attach plot filename.gif

to start a plotting session with output to file filename.gif. This corresponds to putting a piece of paper onto the plot and putting it online. You can use the DMS plot routines to create plot output. Nothing will be written to the GIF file until the plotter device is detached.

If you specify the -w option to the attach command, and the simulation does not actually use the plotter, when you detach the plotter, the gif file will be deleted. (This option is really only useful in the CGI version of the simulator.)

Changing Plotter Pens

As a plot program runs, to change pen colors, the normal procedure is to display a message such as “Please insert the blue pen and press PROGRAM START” on the console printer, and then execute a PAUSE statement. This halts the simulator. Type the appropriate set plot command, then type cont or go or click the PROGRAM START button on the GUI.

While the simulator is halted, you can manually move the plotter pen using the following commands:

set plot xpos value **Sets the pen’s horizontal position in plot units
set plot ypos value **Sets the pen’s vertical position in plot units*

  • set plot penup Moves the pen on to or off of the paper**
    set plot pendown**

There was no way to set the pen color programmatically on a real 1130, but ibm1130.exe has a way to do it using the XIO CONTROL instruction. A real 1130 ignores XIO CONTROL to the plotter device (area code 5). The ibm1130software.zip package includes a job file named PLTPN.JOB, which installs a Fortran callable routine that uses this nonstandard XIO to control the pen. Once assembled and loaded onto your DMS disk, subroutine PLTPN can be used as follows:

CALL PLTPN(0,ICLR)

Sets color of pen, where iclr is one of:
1 - black 5 - yellow  
2 - red 6 - purple  
3 - blue 7 - light grey  
4 - green 8 - grey

CALL PLTPN(1,IWID)

Sets width of pen, where iwid is between 1and 4.

CALL PLTPN(2,IX)

Sets pen x position to IX. Nothing is drawn whether the pen is up or down. If you specify an IX value that is out of range (less than 0 or greater than the maximum length of the plot), future plotter commands will not draw anything until the pen has moved back into range.

CALL PLTPN(3,IY)

Sets pen y position to IY. IY is clipped to the valid range of 0 to 1099. Nothing is drawn whether the pen is up or down.

Exceeding the Plot Size

If you attempt to plot outside the X range of 0 to (specified length-1), the virtual pen will continue to move out of range. No drawing will occur until the pen has been moved back into the valid range. This correspnods to the plotter drum rotating past the end of the attached paper strip. If the pen is at its maximum X position, the sequence +X +X +X -X -X -X will leave the pen where it started, at the edge of the paper.

If you attempt to plot outside the Y range of 0 to 1099, the pen will stop at the limit and further movements will not change the pen position. This corresponds to the physical pen hitting the ends of its range of motion. If the pen is at its maximum Y position, the sequence +Y +Y +Y -Y -Y -Y will move the pen back three steps.

Ending a Plot

When your plotting job is finished, use the SIMH command

sim> detach plot

or issue an attach command to a different filename to finalize the plot. This corresponds to taking the paper off of the plotter. The file will have a resolution of 1100 for the Y dimension and by default 800 in the X direction. The resolution is 100 dpi.

Viewing a Plot

On Windows, the command

sim> ! filename.gif

should open the plot file in the default .GIF file viewing application (which may well be Internet Explorer). The plot appear rotated 90 degrees (that is, the plot’s 11” width is vertical on your screen, and the length is horizontal).

Paper Tape Reader/Punch

A paper tape reader and punch are supported. To attach a file to the reader, use the command

sim> attch ptr filename

To attach a file to the punch, use the command

sim> attch ptp filename

2250 Graphics Display

The compiled Windows version of ibm1130.exe distributed by ibm1130.org includes rudimentary support for the 2250 Graphical Display Subsystem. If you download ibm1130.exe from simh.trailing-edge.com or other locations, 2250 support will not be included. 2250 support is not available on other operating systems at this time.

Any 1130 program that writes to the 2250 will cause a new window to open. You may use the mouse as a light pen.

(At present, we do not have the DMS graphics support library, so this device is not well tested).

Synchronous Communications Adapter

Rudimentrary support for the SCA is built in to Windows builds of ibm1130.exe, but it is not completely implemented at this time. It would be nice to eventually run the 1130 HASP RJE program to lsend jobs to a simulated IBM/360 or /370 running MVS under Hercules.

2741 Terminal Support

There is rudimentary support for the 2741 RFQ, a serial device talking to a remote Selectric terminal. This can be used by APL/1130 and the intention is to let SIMH talk through a real or USB simulated serial port to a real I/O Selectric.

The Emulator Display

Windows builds of the IBM 1130 emulator include a graphical display that indicates the state of the processor and permits manual control of the processor and Console Entry Switches. The display is shown in Figure 7.1.

Emulator GUI display Figure 7.1 - Emulator GUI Display

The GUI display combines several parts of the IBM 1130 console in a non-standard arrangement. The upper part of the display reflects fairly accurately the 1130’s console display lamps and the processor mode switch, which are located on the 1130’s console pedestal.. Under the lamps are the console entry switches that on the real 1130 are found on the front of the console typewriter. At the bottom left and right of the display are the lamps and pushbuttons found to the left and right of the console keyboard. Between the lamps and buttons is a status display that shows the files attached to each simulated device. To the right of the buttons are images that show when the simulated card reader has cards in its hopper, and when print output has been generated. The “tear” button displays the contents of the printer output file and empties the file.

The indicators and switches are described in the following tables.

Indicators Description
Instruction Address The current instruction address register value (IAR)
Storage Address The last memory location read or written
Storage Buffer The last value read from or written to memory
Arithmetic Factor (not displayed)
Accumulator The CPU accumulator register
Accumulator Extension The CPU accumulator extension; low 16 bits for mul/div and some rotate operation.
Operation Register Last-executed instruction (high 5 bits of instruction word)
Operation Tags (not displayed)
W If illuminated, the processor is in a wait state
Index Register Index register selected by last executed instruction
Interrupt Levels Interrupt levels pending or active
Cycle Control Counter temporary register used during shift operations
Condition Register C = Carry bit, V = Overflow bit. V remains set until tested
Keyboard Select When illuminated, CPU will accept input from the keyboard
Disk Unlock When illuminated, the disk drive is inactive (detached)
File Ready When illuminated, the disk drive is ready (attached)
Run When illuminated, the CPU is running
Forms Check Yellow = out of paper (detached)
Red = 1132 Scan check (software error)
Parity Check (not used)
Power On When illuminated, CPU is powered up
Switches/Buttons Description
0 through 15 Console Entry Switches. Click to toggle setting.
Power Toggles CPU power
Keyboard (not used)
Program Start Starts CPU in Run, Int Run or SI modes. Advances IAR in Disp or Load modes.
Imm Stop Halts processor
Program Stop Causes interrupt level 5, which usually ends current program.
Check Reset Resets CPU and all devices.
Load IAR Loads CES value into IAR.
Program Load Reads a cold start card from the 1442 reader into core.
Mode Sets CPU mode; click position to change setting.
Mode Settings Description
Int Run Generates interrupt level 5 after each instruction is executed (except when processing interrupts)
Run Normal operation mode
SI CPU executes one instruction for each Program Start press.
Disp Displays memory contents of IAR address and advances IAR
Load Stores CES value into memory address in IAR and advances IAR
SS, SMC not implemented

The Interrupt Level indicators can tell you what hardware devices are active. The interrupt levels and the associated hardware activity are indicated in the following table.

Interrupt Level Hardware Activity
0 1442 Reader and Punch per-column interrupt
1 1132 Printer and Serial interface per-character interrupt
2 Disk operation complete
3 Plotter, 2250 Graphical Display interrupt
4 Card read, card punch, console printer, console typewriter and paper tape operation complete
5 Int Run, Program Stop

IBM 1130 Disk Monitor System (DMS) Release 2 Version 12

Ibm1130software.zip includes a runnable version of Disk Monitor System Release 2 V12 (DMSR2V12, or DMS), as well as the operating system’s source code. The package includes:

  • DMS Executive

  • Disk Utility Program (DUP)

  • Fortran Compiler

  • Macro Assembler

  • Standalone programs including the formatting program ZDCIP

  • Boot program ZCLDSTRT

Unfortunately, we do not have the RPG compiler at the present time. At a future date we hope to have RPG and APL available. (If anyone can help us find these in machine-readable, binary or source code form, we’d be very grateful. We’d also like to find the graphics and math libraries, Cobol, the original Forth, alternate Fortran compilers, and the IBM experimental mulitprocessing executive. If you have these sitting in a box in your attic, please let us know!)

  1. It’s interesting to note that DMS cannot be maintained and rebuilt under DMS. The DMS source code uses assembler directives not supported by the its own assembler, and, more surprisingly, the Macro Assembler does not correctly assemble the floating point constants needed by the trig functions. IBM built DMS on the System/360 and possibly at a later date the /370. We built it with our cross assembler asm1103, which is provided with the emulator package. The loaddms script and mkdms batch file show how this is done.

Booting the Emulated IBM 1130

The normal procedure for booting an 1130 is to prepare the disk, place a binary cold-start card in the card reader, and then press the Check Reset, Program Load, and Program Start buttons in that order. On the emulator you can do this by typing, for example,

sim> attach dsk dms.dsk

sim> att cr coldsrt.crd

sim> set cr binary

sim> att prt -

and then clicking the three buttons. (Without the GUI, you’d type reset, boot cr, go). The processor will boot up DMS, simulate the receipt of a // JOB card, print the cartridge ID and memory size, then halt waiting for more input. To process a job, you’d then need to attach the card reader to your input file and restart the processor with the Program Start button.

The DMS cold start card reads the console entry switches to determine which disk drive to use as the boot drive. In most cases, this will be DSK0, so the console entry switches must be set all off before booting DMS.

However, to make life simpler, the emulator has a built-in shortcut: If the card reader is not attached to a file, pressing Program Load will load the standard DMS cold start program which is stored in the emulator.

Better still, type “boot dsk”, which performs the reset/load/go operation using a built-in copy of the DMSR2V12 cold start card. This eliminates the need to precede your text card input with the binary cold start card.

Furthermore: “boot -a dsk” loads the standard APL\1130 cold start card, and “boot -a -p dsk” boots the APL\1130 privileged mode cold start card.

Running DMS Entirely from the GUI

If you are using a Windows build of the simulator that has the GUI built in, you can run jobs on the simulated 1130 without using the simulator’s command line environment. To do this,

  1. Start the simulator with the command “ibm1130 guijob”. DMS boots and waits.

  2. Create a job deck file (a text file starting with // JOB and ending with // XEQ and data cards, for example), and locate it in a Windows Explorer window.

  3. Drag the file and release it on the card reader icon (shown at right). Notice that the card reader icon changes to its “full” state, as shown to the right:

  4. Icon for 1442 card reader/punchClick the “Program Start” button. Wait until the lights stop flashing and the accumulator displays 1000 hex. The cards on the card reader icon will move to the stacker.

  5. Click the printer icon to “tear off” and view the printer output.

  6. Click the card reader icon once to reload the deck in the hopper, or click it twice to remove the deck from the reader so you can edit it.

You can repeat this process over and over as desired.

If you need to reboot the system:

  • Click the card reader icon twice to remove any cards in it.

  • Click Immediate Stop, Check Reset, Program Load* and Program Start in that order.

  • Continue with step 3 above.

(*When Program Load is pressed with no card file attached, the simulator pretends that a DMS Cold Start card was present in the card reader. The other steps are exactly those you’d follow on a real 1130).

Cold Start Program Wait Codes

Error conditions during the cold start process may cause the processor to wait with one of the following values in the Instruction Address Register

IAR Description
001F Invalid disk drive number in console entry switches, or drive not ready
0046 Power is unsafe in disk drive or disk read error, or waiting for seek operation to complete
0048 Waiting for read operation to complete

If the processor halts with any of these error codes, perform another cold start

DMS Disk Basics

A DMS Disk is organized in roughly the following way:

Resident Monitor

System Area (System Program phases)

Optional Fixed Area (Saved user data)

User Area (Saved User Programs, routines and data)

Working Storage

System programs such as Fortran and DUP are broken into many small overlays or phases, so that the system can run on machines with as little as 4KW of memory. The location of each system program phase is stored in table called the SLET, System Logical Equivalence Table. This directory has no name entries, but simply associates hard-coded phase or overlay numbers to their location and size in the System Area. You’ll never encounter the SLET as a day-to-day user.

After the System Area is an optional Fixed Area, which can hold user data files. These files are guaranteed never to change locations on the disk.

The User Area is the a familiar file and directory structure. The User Area holds system library routines and utility programs, as well as any data, subroutines or programs you have saved. Filenames have one to five letters. The User Area directory is called the Logical Equivalence Table, or LET.

Working Storage is all of the space between the last stored file in the User Area and the end of the disk.

Saving a file in DMS involves writing data to Working Storage, and then instructing the Disk Utility Program (DUP) to store and name the data. The User Area region is expanded to include the data in Working Storage, and Working Storage is now the rest of the disk. Graphically it looks like this:

Original configuration:

       
Monitor System Programs User Area Working Storage

After data is saved in Working Storage (e.g. object code saved by Fortran compiler)

         
Monitor System Programs User Area Working Storage  

After WS is saved by the Disk Utility Program:

         
Monitor System Programs User Area (Newly saved file) Working Storage

There is a special “temporary job” mode provided by DMS in which the demarcation point between the User Area and Working Storage is automatically slid back to the original location at the end of the job, thus erasing any files stored by the job. This is handy when you are developing a program with subroutines. (More about subroutines later on).

When a saved file is deleted, all files after the deleted file are slid down sector by sector to close up the gap, so the space occupied by the file is returned to Working Storage. This can be quite time consuming on a real 1130. (It’s also problematic for programs that depend on disk data staying put at a particular location on disk, hence the optional Fixed Area).

DMS Job Decks

An IBM 1130 DMS job deck consists of Monitor Control Records, utility control records and user data. Monitor control records begin with the characters slash, slash, space, and their appearance is never ignored by DMS; if one is encountered while reading data cards your program will be aborted.

A Basic Job Deck

A typical Fortran job deck might look like this:

// JOB
// FOR
*IOCS (1132 PRINTER)
*LIST SOURCE PROGRAM
DO 20 I = 1, 20
WRITE(3,10) I
10 FORMAT(1X,'ITERATION NUMBER', I5)
20 CONTINUE
END
// XEQ

This job deck uses three Monitor Control records:

  1. // JOB cancels any executing job and resets DMS for the upcoming job. A cold start issues an implicit // JOB, by the way.

  2. //FOR runs the Fortran compiler. Initial cards starting with “* “ are Fortran Control Records and define the compilation environment. Fortran reads cards up to an END statement, and writes the compiled machine code to Working Storage.

  3. // XEQ executes the program in Working Storage

A slightly more complex job deck is required if your program requires subroutines or functions. Only one program or subprogram can be compiled at a time. You must compile each subroutine and save it from Working Storage as a named file before proceeding to the next. To complicate things, you have to delete any previous version of the subroutine from the disk before saving a new version. So, a Fortran deck might look like this:

// JOB
// FOR
\*LIST SOURCE PROGRAM
FUNCTION TRIPL (VALUE)
TRIPL = VALUE\*3.
RETURN
END
// DUP
\*DELETE TRIPL
\*STORE WS UA TRIPL
// FOR
\*LIST SOURCE PROGRAM
\*IOCS (1132 PRINTER)
DO 20 I = 1, 10
V = I+3.
T = TRIPL(V)
WRITE(3,10) I, T
10 FORMAT(1X,'I = ', I3,' T =', F6.2)
20 CONTINUE
END
// XEQ

In this job, the result of the first compilation is saved as a file named TRIPL, after deleting any previous version. The second compilation is executed, at which time the Core Load Builder locates and links in the external function.

When a series of subroutines have been debugged, the compiled version can be left on disk and they do not need to be recompiled in subsequent runs. In fact, the main program can also be saved and run repeatedly without recompilation:

// FOR
...
END
// DUP
*STORE WS UA MAINP

then,

// XEQ MAINP

will load and run the stored main program.

The following sections provide a reference for the DMS monitor control records and the control records for Fortran, DUP and the Assembler.

This section will grow eventually, but for now, here is a quick overview of the basics of constructing a job deck.

Error Wait Codes

A preoperative error is an error condition detected before an I/O operation is attempted. The following preoperative errors cause the monitor system to wait in $PRET at address /002A:

  • device not ready

  • error check in device

  • illegal parameter or illegal specification in an I/O area

Postoperative errors may result in waits in an interrupt service routines, in $PST1 at /0083, in $PST2 at /0087, in $PST3 at /008B or in $PST4 at /008F. The accumulator indicates the device and condition. In may cases you can correct the condition and press PROGRAM START (go) to retry the operation.

ACC Description
0000 Last card
0001 Card Feed check, read check or punch check; disk read error or write error
0003 Disk seek failure, printer detected channel 9
0004 Paper tape punch not ready or disk overflow; printer detected channel 12
0005 Paper tape reader not ready
1000 1442 card read/punch or 1442 punch: not ready or hopper empty. [emulator: attach a file to CR or CP and go]
1001 Illegal device, function or word count
100F Occurs in a DUP operation after DUP error D112
2000 Keyboard/Console Printer not ready
2001 Illegal device, function or word count
3000 1134/1055 Paper Tape not ready
3001 Illegal device, function or word count, or invalid check digit
4000 2501 Card Reader not ready
4001 Illegal device, function or word count
5000 Disk not ready
5001 Illegal device, function or word count, or attempt to write in protected area
5002 Write select or power unsafe
5003 Read/write/seek failure after 16 attempts or disk overflow. Extension may display logical drive number in bits 0..3 and working storage address in bits 4..15. Program Start retries 16 more times.
5004 Same as above from routine DISK1 and DISKN, or, an uninitialized cartridge is online during a cold start.
6000 1132 Printer not ready or out of paper
6001 Illegal device, function or word count
7000 1627 Plotter not ready
7001 Illegal device, function or word count
8001 SCA Illegal function or word count
8002

STR mode: Receive or transmit operation not completed

BSC mode: Invalid start characters in the I/O area for a transmit operation
8003

STR mode: Failed to synchronize before attempt to read or write, or, attempted to receive before receiving INQ sequence

BSC mode: Invalid number of identification characters for an identification specification operation
9000 1403 printer no ready or out of paper
9001 Illegal device, function or word count
9002 Parity check, scan check or ring check
A000 1231 Optical Mark Reader not ready
A001 Illegal device, function or word count
A002 Feed check, last document was processed. Clear jam, do not refeed
A003 Feed check, last document not processed. Clear jam and refeed

Monitor Control Records

This section lists the available Monitor Control Records. Column numbers are shown above fields that have a fixed location.

1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 6
1 4 8 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 0

// JOB T crt0 crt1 crt2 crt3 crt4 crtc crtw crtu hhhhhhhh ee

Begins a new job. The optional parameters are:

Parameter Function
T Specifies temporary job mode. If used, no permanent changes are made to system files or the disk directory.
crt0 Master cartridge ID (logical cartridge 0)
crt1 Cartridge ID for logical drive 1
crt2 Cartridge ID for logical drive 2
crt3 Cartridge ID for logical drive 3
crt4 Cartridge ID for logical drive 4
crtc Cartridge ID for core image buffer
crtw Cartridge ID for working storage
crtu Cartridge ID for unformatted disk IO
hhhhhhh Heading (date, time etc) to print on each page
ee Number of EQUAT records following this JOB card

The T option indicates that no permanent changes are to be made to the system directory. This option is often used during the program development cycle to so that any subroutines compiled and stored during the job are removed from the disk at the end of the job. See Section 10.2, “Temporary Mode Restrictions” for more detail.

  1. This option is not necessary when using the www.ibm1130.org online (CGI) emulator, as the disk image is discarded at the end of each run.

The optional cartridge ID’s indicate to DMS which of the mounted cartridges are to be used as logical drives 0 through 4, and which cartridges are to be used for temporary and I/O storage. These options are unnecessary if only one disk is mounted, or if the master cartridge should be used for all operations.

EQUAT records indicate substitutions for subprogram names. See the description of the *EQUAT monitor control record later in this manual.

Note: immediately after a cold start, DMS simulates a //JOB record. While another //JOB record can’t hurt, it’s not necessary to use one with the www.ibm1130.org online emulator as each job begins with a cold start.

// FOR

Runs the Fortran compiler. Fortran Control Records and Fortran source cards follow this record. The Fortran compiler reads source records up to the END statement. An // XEQ or // DUP monitor control record should follow the END statement.

// ASM

Runs the Macro Assembler. Assembler Control Records and Assembler source cards follow this. The assembler reads source records up to the END statement. An // XEQ or // DUP monitor control record should follow the END statement.

// RPG

Runs the RPG compiler (not currently available)

// COBOL

Runs the COBOL compiler (not currently available)

// DUP

Runs the Disk Utility Program. DUP Control records follow this record. See Section 10, “Disk Utility Program (DUP)” for more information.

// * REMARKS…

Prints remarks on the primary printer.

1 1 1 2 2 2
1 4 8 4 6 9 1 6 8

// XEQ pname L nn D cart X X

Executes a program from Working storage or the User area. The optional parameters are:

Param. Function/value
pname Name of program to execute. If omitted, the program in working storage is run.
L If L is punched in column 14, a core load map is printed
nn Number (right-justified) of supervisor control records that follow
D Disk routine to use: if blank or Z, DISKZ is used. If 0 or 1, DISK1 is used. If N, DISKN is used.
cart If specified, the cartridge on which the program is to be found
X If there is a punch in column 26, LOCALS may call other LOCALS
X If there is a punch in column 28, the special ILS’s are used, the routines with X in their names: ILSX4, etc.

// PAUS

Halts the processor until you press PROGRAM START [emulator: go]. This permits you to change cartridges, add cards, etc.

// TYP

Makes the console keyboard the principal input device

// TEND

Ends console keyboard input, and makes the card reader the principal input device.

// EJECT

Issues a form feed to the principal output device

// CPRINT

Makes the console printer the principal output device

// CEND

Ends console printer output and restores the primary printer as principal output device.

Supervisor Control Records

This section is not yet written.

*LOCALmain1,sub1,sub2,…,subn

x

*NOCALmain1,sub1,sub2,…,subn

x

*FILES(file1,name1),…,(filen,namen)[,]
*FILES(file1,name1,car1),…,(filen,namen,carn)[,]
*FILES(file1,,car1),…,(filen,,carn)[,]

x

*G2250pname U N N N N

x

*EQUAT(sub1,sub2),…,(subn,subm)

x

Disk Utility Program (DUP)

DUP performs file transfer and file directory maintenance operations. May DUP operations involve the transfer of files to and from Working Storage, the User Area on a disk, the Fixed Area on a disk, cards or paper tape. The corresponding DUP control records use a two character code to indicate the origin and destination of the file involved in such a transfer. The following codes are used:

Code Location
UA User area
FX Fixed area
WS Working storage
CD Card device
PT Paper tape
PR Principal print device

DUP stores programs and data on disk, cards, paper tape and paper listings in any of several formats, whose abbreviations are listed below. The various dump and store operations listed below will indicate any format conversions that will apply.

Format Description
CDC Card core image format
CDD Card data format
CDS Card system format (absolute/relocatable object)
DCI Disk core image format
DDF Disk data format
DSF Disk system format (absolute/relocatable object)
PRD Printer data dump format
PTC Paper tape core image format
PTD Paper tape data format
PTS Paper tape system format (absolute/relocatable object)

Filenames on disk may consist of up to five characters. The first character must be A-Z, $, # or @, and the name may not include blanks.

Numeric values, when required, are right-justified.

On records that may include a cartridge ID, if the cartridge is omitted, for “source” names the monitor searches all mounted cartridges for a file with the specified name. For “destination” names, the monitor uses the master cartridge.

  1. If the card reader becomes non-ready while DUP is reading control records, e.g. if the tail end of a job deck contains // DUP and some control records with no further monitor control records, DMS does not resume properly when more cards are inserted in the reader and PROGRAM START is pressed. We are not sure whether this is a simulator bug or a problem with DMSR2V12. At the present time, we recommend that if your job deck ends with DUP commands, that you put a // * comment monitor control at the end of the deck to terminate DUP and return to the monitor before the end of the deck.

DUP Control Records

1 1 2 3 3
1 3 7 1 1 7

*DUMP fm to fname fmid toid

Dumps data from location fm to location to. The program to be dumped is fname, which may omitted when dumping from WS to PR. The optional fmid and toid parameters specify the source and destination cartridges, if applicable.

The following format conversions will take place:

FM location FM format TO location Resulting TO format
UA DSF WS DSF
UA or WS DSF CD CDS
  PT PTS
  PR PRD
UA or FX DDF WS DDF
UA, FX or WS DDF CD CDD
  PT PTD
  PR PRD
UA or FX DCI WS DCI
UA, FX or WS DCI CD CDC
  PT PTC
  PR PRD

1 1 2 2 3 3
1 3 7 1 7 1 7

*DUMPDATA fm to fname nnnnfmid toid

Like DUMP but the output is always in Data format. The count parameter nnnn indicates the number of sectors to dump.

The following format conversions will take place:

FM location FM format TO location Resulting TO format
UA DSF WS DDF
UA or WS DSF CD CDD
  PT PTD
  PR PRD
UA or FX DDF WS DDF
UA, FX or WS DDF CD CDD
  PT PTD
  PR PRD
UA or FX DCI WS DDF
UA, FX or WS DCI CD CDD
  PT PTD
  PR PRD

1 1 1 2 2 3 3
1 1 3 7 1 7 1 7

*DUMPDATA E fm to fname nnnnfmid toid

Copies data in packed EBCDIC format (40 words per 80 card positions) from disk to card or printer. Copies data to WS without any conversion.

FM location FM format TO location Resulting TO format
UA or FX any WS same
UA, FX or WS EBCDIC CD hollerith text
    PR printed text

2 3
1 1 1

*DUMPLET fname cart

Displays the location equivalence table (user area directory) of the specified cartridge, or if cart is omitted, all cartridges. The listing is limited to a specific file if a filename fname is specified, otherwise all files are listed. If a fixed area is listed, the FLET is listed as well.

2 3
1 1 1

*DUMPFLET fname cart

Displays the fixed location equivalence table (fixed area directory) of the specified cartridge, or if cart is omitted, all cartridges. The listing is limited to a specific file if a filename fname is specified, otherwise all files are listed.

1 1 1 2 3 3
1 1 3 7 1 1 7

*STORE s fm to fname fmid toid

Saves a file. Typically fm is WS for Working Storage, to is UA for the User Area, and fname is the name to be given to the file.

This section is not yet complete.

1 1 1 2 3 3
1 3 7 1 1 7

*STOREDATA fm to fname fmid toid

xxx

1 1 1 2 2 3 3
1 3 7 1 7 1 7

*STOREDATAE fm to fname nnnnfmid toid

xxx

1 1 2 2 3 3
1 3 7 1 7 1 7

*STOREDATACIfm to fname nnnnfmid toid

xxx

1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4
1 9 1 3 7 1 7 1 7 2

*STORECId XXfm to fname nnnnfmid toid N

xxx

1 1 2 3 3
1 3 7 1 1 7

*STOREMOD fm to fname fmid toid

xxx

2 3
1 1 1

*DELETE fname fmid

Deletes a specified file from the LET directory. Fname is the name of the file to delete. The optional cartridge id fmid specifies which cartridge contains the file.

1
1 9

*DEFINE CORE SIZE xxx

Changes the system core size value in COMMA (the supervisor data storage area, which is kept in core and mirrored on the master cartridge). This value sets the upper limit of storage which the system is permitted to use. The value must be specified as “4K “, “8K “, “16K” or “32K”, left adjusted.

2 3 3
1 7 1 7

*DEFINE FIXED AREA nnnn- cart

Creates a file storage area called the “fixed area” on the specified cartridge. (The fixed area is not automatically defragmented when files are deleted, as the normal file storage area is). The number of cylinders to reserve for the fixed area is specified in columns 27 through 30. The minimum number of cylinders is two.

If a fixed area already exists, this directive increases or decreases the fixed area by the specified number of cylinders. To decrease the size, punch a - sign in column 31.

2
1 1

*DEFINE PRINC INPUT xxxx

*DEFINE PRINC PRINT xxxx

Defines the principal printer used for system output or the principal input used for card input. The argument to DEFINE PRINC PRINT can be 1403 to specify the 1403 printer, 1132 to specify the 1132 printer, or blank to specify the console printer. The argument to DEFINE PRINC INPUT can be 1442 to specify the 1442 card read/punch or 2501 to specify the 2501 reader.

These directives copy the appropriate device IO routines to fixed locations on the master cartridge, from where they are loaded when the monitor needs to perform I/O.

1

*DEFINE VOID ASSEMBLER

*DEFINE VOID FORTRAN

Deletes the Assembler or Fortran compiler from the System Area on the master cartridge. The system area is then packed to recover the space occupied by the deleted program. (This must be done before defining a Fixed Area on the disk).

1 2 2 3
1 7 1 7 7

*DFILE to fname nnnn toid

xxx

3
1 7

*DWADR cart

Writes sector addresses on each sector in Working Storage, used to repair the disk after an errant program has mangled these sectors. The contents of Working Storage are destroyed.

(The first word of each sector of a DMS disk must contain the sector address. This information is used to verify the position of the read head after track-to-track seeks. Fortran IO routines will not overwrite sector addresses, but it’s possible for a program that does direct disk IO using assembly routines to do so; this renders the disk useless until it is repaired by DWADR or reformatting).

*MACRO UPDATE

xxx

  1. A zero punched in column 35 of a DUP control record causes DUP to print core dumps during its execution, for debugging purposes. Other digits in column 35 cause core dumps to be generated when specific phases are in control. See “IBM 1130 Disk Monitor Programming System, Version 2 Program Logic Manual”, File Number 1130-36, page 63.)

Temporary Mode Restrictions

When temporary mode was specified on the current // JOB monitor control record, the following DUP restrictions apply:

Dup Operation Restrictions
STORECI to UA only
STOREDATA to UA and WS only
STOREDATACI to UA only
STOREMOD not allowed
DWADR not allowed
DELETE not allowed
DEFINE … not allowed
DFILE to UA only
MACRO UPDATE not allowed

At the end of the job, the dividing line between the User Area and WS is slid back to its original location, effectively deleting any files saved to UA during the job. This is convenient when developing programs with subroutines, as the subroutines will not accumulate on the disk between runs.

IBM 1130 Fortran

The Fortran compiler included with DMS R2 is a Fortran-66 compiler. Arithmetic if’s, do’s can’t run backwards, one-trip do’s, 5 letter variable names, etc.

Using Functions and Subroutines

blah blah

Function subprograms are strictly prohibited from producing “side effects” and may not modify dummy variables (parameters) or variables in COMMON.

In addition:

  • Functions must have at least one argument. (Note: if you forget this and attempt to call a function with no arguments, you will get a syntax error, but the wrong statement will be flagged due to a bug in the compiler).

  • Functions may not be called recursively.

  • Calling a function or subroutine with the wrong number of arguments will cause a horrific crash.

Mainline programs and subprograms must be compiled separately. Functions and subroutines are compiled first and stored on the disk in the User Area. When the main program has been compiled, the // XEQ control card will invoke the Core Load Builder (linker) which will pull in the subprograms. The general order of a job deck looks like this:

// JOB T**
// FOR**
first subprogram)
// DUP
*STORE WS UA** *subn1
// FOR
(second subprogram)
// DUP
*STORE WS UA** *subn2
// FOR
mainline program)
// XEQ
(input cards, if any)

During initial development, you will probably want to recompile the subprograms with each run. In this case, use the // JOB T option to delete the routines from the disk at the end of the job, or use a *DELETE DUP control record before the *STORE record to delete the previous version from the disk before attempting to store a new one. In other words, the deck should follow the deck outline above, or omit the JOB T option and use *DELETE controls:

// JOB
// FOR
first subprogram)
// DUP
*DELETE subn1
*STORE WS UA subn1
...

Once development has stabilized, you may use the compiled subroutines already stored on the disk and omit them from future compile and run jobs.

Fortran Control Records

Fortran compiler control records are placed at the beginning of a source deck just after the // FOR monitor control record and before the first line of Fortran source code.

*IOCS(name, name, …)

(Mainline programs only.) Specifies hardware devices that the program will use. The IOCS record causes Fortran to include references to the required I/O device subroutines. The device names are listed in the following table.

IOCS Device Name Generates support for Subroutine Used Logical Unit Number
DISK Disk (direct access) DISKZ *
UDISK Unformatted Disk I/O DISKZ *
TYPEWRITER Console printer TYPEZ 1
CARD 1442 Card Read/Punch Models 6 or 7 used as a reader CARDZ 2
1132 PRINTER 1132 Printer PRNTZ 3
PAPER TAPE 1134/1055 Paper Tape reader/punch PAPTZ 4
1403 PRINTER 1403 Printer PRNZ 5
KEYBOARD Console keyboard WRTYZ 6
PLOTTER 1627 Plotter PLOTX 7
2501 READER 2501 Card Reader READZ 8
1442 PUNCH 1442 Card Punch Model 5 or Read/Punch Models 6 or 7 used as a punch PNCHZ 9

A Fortran program cannot use the 1442 as both a reader and a punch within the same program. [Emulator note: the emulator does not yet support using both the 2501 and the 1403 as readers in the same run.].

*LIST SOURCE PROGRAM

Directs the compiler to list the Fortran source code as it compiles the program or subprogram.

*LIST SUBPROGRAM NAMES

Directs the compiler to list the names of all subroutines and functions referenced by the compiled program or subprogram.

*LIST SYMBOL TABLE

Directs the compiler to list the program’s symbol table.

*LIST ALL

Directs the compiler to generate all of the optional listings.

*EXTENDED PRECISION

Directs the compiler to use 48-bit (three word) floating point numbers rather than the default 32 bits (two word). Extended precision numbers have a 31 significant bit fraction and an 8-bit binary exponent. Standard precision numbers have a 23 significant bit fraction and an 8-bit exponent.

*ONE WORD INTEGERS

Directs the compiler to use one word per integer rather than to have integers match the size of floating point numbers (2 words with standard precision, or 3 words with extended precision). 1130 Fortran uses only 16 bits of the allocated space in any case, so the integer range is always ‑32,768 to +32,767. If your application does not depend on having the size of integer and real numbers be equal, you can save core by specifying one word integers.

*NAME xxxxx

(Mainline programs only.) Specifies the name of the mainline program. The name may consist of one to five characters.

**title string…

Displays the title string in columns 3 through 72 at the top of each page of the listing. A new page is cranked up when the first statement of the program is read.

*ARITHMETIC TRACE

Directs the compiled program to print the value assigned to each variable during program execution while Console Entry Switch 15 is raised. A printer device must be specified in IOCS control record. The fastest specified printer is used. (Emulator note: use DEP CES 1 to raise switch 15, or DEP CES 0 to lower it). You may programmatically limit tracing with CALL TSTOP and CALL TSTART statements. By default, tracing is enabled (TSTART is assumed) . Each displayed value is preceded by an asterisk.

*TRANSFER TRACE

Directs the compiled program to print the expression value computed by each IF statement and computed GO TO statement during program execution. Output may be controlled by Console Entry Switch 15 and the TSTOP/TSTART subroutines as discussed above. Each displayed value is preceded by two asterisks.

*ORIGIN ddddd or*
*ORIGIN /xxxx*

(Mainline programs only) Directs the compiler to compile the program starting at an absolute address specified as ddddd in decimal or /xxxx in hexadecimal. The specified origin must past the end of the Disk I/O routine. The minimum ORIGIN values are 510 (/01FE) with DISKZ, 690 (/02B2) with DISK1 or 960 (/03C0) with DISKN.

Fortran Declaration Statements

COMMON var1[(n)][, var2[(n)], … ]

(There is no named common).

DATA var1[, var2, …] /val1[, val2, …]/

Data statements may not be used to initialize variables in COMMON.

DEFINE FILE n (nrec, recl, U, ivar)

x

DIMENSION var1(n) [, var2(n) ]

x

EXTERNAL name1 [, name2 , …]

x

EQUIVALENCE

x

FUNCTION name [(arg1[, arg2 , …])]

The function’s return value is set by assigning a value to the variable name.

INTEGER var1[(n)] [, var2[(n)] ]

x

REAL var1[(n)] [, var2[(n)] ]

x

SUBROUTINE name [(arg1[, arg2 , …])]

x

Fortran Program Statements

BACKSPACE iunit

Not supported?

CALL name [arg1, arg2, …]

CONTINUE

A no-op statement, usually carries a numeric statement label to serve as the closing statement of a do loop or the target of an IF or GOTO statement.

DO label var = i1, i2[, i3]

Value i1 cannot be zero, and i3 cannot be negative. The loop statements are executed at least once even if the condition test fails on the first iteration (hence the term ­one-trip do loops).

END

Ends compilation. Must be followed by a Monitor Control Record, usually // XEQ or // DUP. (Programs and subprograms must each be compiled and stored separately).

END FILE iunit

Not supported?

FIND (iunit’irec)

x

FORMAT (…)

x

GO TO label
*GOTO *label

Jumps to the indicated statement number.

GOTO (lab1, lab2, lab3…) ival

x

IF (expr) labn, labz, labp

Evaluates the integer or floating point expression expr and jumps to one of the three statement numbers: labn if the expression is negative, labz if the expression is zero, or labp if the expression is positive.

PAUSE [ival]

Halts the processor with the integer value ival in the accumulator and thus displayed on the console lamps. Ival must be between 0 and 9999, as it’s converted to binary coded decimal (that is, 1234 would be displayed as 0001 0010 0011 0100). Pressing Program Start lets the program resume with the next statement.

READ (iunit) list…
READ (iunit,lab) list…

Implied do loops are permitted.

RETURN

x

REWIND iunit

Not supported?

STOP [ival]

Halts the processor with the integer value ival in the accumulator. (See the discussion of ival under PAUSE). Pressing Program Start returns control to the Disk Monitor System.

WRITE (iunit) list…
WRITE (iunit,lab) list…

Implied do loops are permitted.

Fortran Subroutine Library

The Fortran library is documented in the IBM publication IBM 1130 Subroutine Library, File no. 1130-30, Form C26-5929-2, which you can obtain as a PDF file from www.ibm1130.org. The library routines are summarized in this section.

Note

  1. Be very careful about the data type of arguments you pass to subroutines and functions. The compiler does not have enough information to automatically convert values you supply to the type expected by a subprogram, so if you pass an integer where a real value is expected or vice versa, the results will be incorrect or the program may crash.

Floating Point Functions

The following real-valued library functions may be called by 1130 Fortran programs.

ABS(X)

Returns the absolute value of X.

ALOG(X)

Returns the natural logarithm of X.

ATAN(X)

Returns the arctangent of X. The result is expressed in radians, in the range +/-2.

COS(THETA)

Returns the cosine of angle THETA expressed in radians.

EXP(X)

Returns eX.

FLOAT(IVAL)

Converts integer IVAL to a real value.

SIGN(XVAL, XSGN)

Applies the sign of XSGN to value XVAL. For example, SIGN(3.5, -5.2) returns -3.5.

SIN(THETA)

Returns the sine of angle THETA expressed in radians.

SQRT(X)

Returns the square root of X. X must be nonnegative.

TANH(X)

Returns the hyperbolic tangent of X.

Integer Functions

The following integer-valued library functions may be called by 1130 Fortran programs.

IABS(IVAL)

Returns the absolute value of integer IVAL.

IFIX(X)

Converts real value X to an integer value by truncating the fractional part. The effect is to round down, so 1.5 is converted to 1 and -1.5 is converted to -2.

ISIGN(IVAL, ISGN)

Applies the sign of ISGN to value IVAL. For example, ISIGN(3, -5) returns -3.

Subroutines

The following library subroutines may be called by 1130 Fortran programs.

CALL CHAIN

xxx

CALL DVCHK(J)

Tests an error indicator to determine if previous floating point calculations resulted in an attempt to divide by zero. If a division by zero occurred, J is set to 1. If no division by zero occurred, J is set to 2. After the call, the error indicator is reset.

CALL DATSW(I, J)

Tests data entry switch (console sense switch) I, where I is in the range 0 to 15. J is set to 1 if the switch is on, or 2 if the switch is off.

CALL EXIT

Terminates the program and immediately returns control to the Disk Monitor System. (This is in contrast to the STOP statement which halts the processor and returns control to the monitor only after the operator presses Program Start.

CALL FCTST(I, J)

Tests an error indicator to determine if previous Fortran-supplied function subprogram resulted detected an error. If an error occured, J is set to 1. If no error occurred, J is set to 2. After the call, the error indicator is reset. Errors detected include arguments out of range, etc.

CALL OVERFL(J)

Tests an error indicator to determine if previous floating point calculations resulted in overflow or underflow. J is set to one of the following values:

Value Interpretation
1 A previous calculation resulted in overflow (a result was greater in magnitude than 2127, approximately 1038).
2 There were no overflows or underflows since the last call to OVERFL.
3 A previous operation resulted in underflow (a result greater in magnitude than zero but less than 10-128, approximately 10-39).

After the call, the error indicator is reset.

CALL PDUMP(VAR1, VAR2, IFMT[, …])

Dumps memory to the primary printer device. Storage addresses from the location of variable var1 to var2 are dumped. Integer values IFMT controls the data format: 0 displays values in hexadecimal format, 4 in integer format, or 5 in floating point format. (If the address of var2 is less than that of var1, PDUMP reverses the addresses). Multiple address ranges can be dumped by repeating sets of three arguments.

CALL SLITE(I)

Turns on sense light I, where I = 1, 2, 3 or 4. If I = 0, all sense lights are turned off.

CALL SLITET(I, J)

Tests the status of sense light I, where I = 1, 2, 3 or 4, and turns the light off. J is set to 1 if the light was on, or 2 if the light was off.

Plotter Library

CALL ECHAR(x0, y0, xs, ys, theta)

CALL EGRID(ictrl, x, y, delta, numbr)

etc.

Fortran Compiler Error Codes

Fortran compiler errors are listed after the source code listing, if any. Error codes are listed in the following format:

C errnum ERROR AT STATEMENT NUMBER stnum+offset

where errnum is a Fortran compiler error code, stnum is the number of the last numbered statement, and offset is the offset in lines from the numbered statement. Blank and comment lines are not counted. Before the first numbered statement, stnum is 0 and offset starts with 1. For example,

INVALID STATEMENTS

C 36 ERROR AT STATEMENT NUMBER 00000+008

indicates error number 36 at the 8th line in the program (not counting blanks and comments). The message

C 36 ERROR AT STATEMENT NUMBER 00010+001

would indicate error number 36 at the first statement after statement number 10.

Error Description
C01 Nonnumeric character in statement number
C02 More than 5 continuation cards, or continuation card out of sequence
C03 Syntax error in CALL LINK or CALL EXIT statement
C04 Unrecognizable, misspelled or incorrectly formed statement
C05 Statement out of sequence
C06 Unreachable statement
C07 Name longer than 5 characters, or name not starting with alphabetic character
C08 Incorrect or missing subscript within dimension information
C09 Duplicate statement number
C10 Syntax error
C11 Duplicate name in COMMON statement
C12 Syntax error in FUNCTION or SUBROUTINE statement
C13 Parameter (dummy argument) appears in COMMON statement
C14 Name appears twice as a parameter in SUBROUTINE or FUNCTION statement
C15 *IOCS control record in a subroutine or function
C16 Syntax error in DIMENSION statement
C17 Subprogram name in DIMENSION statement
C18 Name dimensioned more than once or not dimensioned in first appearance
C19 Syntax error in REAL, INTEGER or EXTERNAL statement
C20 Subprogram name in REAL or INTEGER statement, or a function contains its own name in an EXTERNAL statement
C21 Name in EXTERNAL that is also in COMMON or DIMENSION statement
C22 IFIX or FLOAT in EXTERNAL statement
C23 Invalid real constant
C24 Invalid integer constant
C25 More than 15 dummy arguments or duplicate dummy argument
C26 Right parenthesis missing from a subscript expression
C27 Syntax error in FORMAT statement
C28 FORMAT statement without statement number
C29 Field width specification greater than 145
C30 In a FORMAT specification, E or F conversion is wider than 127 or has more than 31 decimal places
C31 Syntax error in EQUIVALENCE statement
C32 Subscripted variable in a statement function
C33 Incorrectly formed subscript expression
C34 Undefined variable in subscript expression
C35 Number and/or range of subscripts does not agree with DIMENSION
C36 Invalid arithmetic statement or variable; or, in a FUNCTION subprogram the left side of the arithmetic statement is a dummy argument or in COMMON
C37 Syntax error in an IF statement
C38 Invalid expression in an IF statement
C39 Syntax error or invalid simple argument in CALL statement
C40 Invalid expression in CALL statement
C41 Invalid expression to the left of an equal sign in a statement function
C42 Invalid expression to the right of an equal sign in a statement function
C43 In an IF, GO TO or DO statement, a statement number is missing or is the number of a FORMAT statement
C44 Syntax error in READ, WRITE or FIND statement
C45 READ or WRITE statement requires an *IOCS record (mainline only)
C46 FORMAT statement number missing or incorrect in a READ or WRITE
C47 Syntax error in input/output list, or a list element is invalid, or in a FUNCTION subprogram an input item is a dummy argument or is in COMMON
C48 Syntax error in GO TO statement
C49 Index of a computed GO TO is missing, invalid or not preceded by a comma
C50 *TRANSFER TRACE or *ARITHMETIC TRACE or CALL PDUMP requires an *IOCS control record in a mainline program
C51 Incorrect nesting of DO statements, or terminal statement of DO is a GO TO, IF, RETURN, FORMAT, STOP, PAUSE or DO statement.
C52 More than 25 nested DO statements
C53 Syntax error in a DO statement
C54 Initial value in a DO statement is zero
C55 In a FUNCTION the index of DO is a dummy argument or is in COMMON
C56 Syntax error in BACKSPACE statement
C57 Syntax error in REWIND statement
C58 Syntax error in END FILE statement
C59 Syntax error in STOP statement
C60 Syntax error in PAUSE statement
C61 Integer constant in STOP or PAUSE statement greater than 9999
C62 Last executable statement before END is not a STOP, GO TO, IF, CALL EXIT, CALL LINK or RETURN statement
C63 Statement contains more than 15 different subscript expressions
C64 Statement too long because of subscript expansion or temporary storage use
C65 All variables undefined in an EQUIVALENCE statement
C66 EQUIVALENCE of an array element causes array to extend beyond end of COMMON
C67 Two variables or array elements in COMMON are EQUIVALENCED, or the relative location of two variables or array elements are assigned more than once, or a standard precision real number is assigned to an odd address by means of an EQUIVALENCE.
C68 Syntax error in an EQUIVALENCE statement, or invalid variable name used
C69 RETURN statement missing from subprogram or present in mainline program
C70 No DEFINE FILE statement found in a program that uses disk I/O statements
C71 Syntax error in a DEFINE FILE statement
C72 Duplicate or more than 75 DEFINE FILE statements, or DEFINE FILE in subprogram
C73 Syntax error in record number of disk READ, WRITE or FIND statement
C74 Defined file exceeds disk storage size
C75 Syntax error in DATA statement
C76 Names and constants in a DATA statement are not in a one-to-one correspondence
C77 Mixed mode in DATA statement
C78 Invalid Hollerith constant in DATA statement
C79 Invalid hexadecimal specification in a DATA statement
C80 Variable in a DATA statement not used, or argument appears in DATA statement
C81 COMMON variable loaded by a DATA statement
C82 DATA statement too long due to compiler limitations
C85 *ORIGIN record appeared in a subprogram
C86 *ORIGIN causes output to exceed address 7FFF hexadecimal
C96 Working storage on disk is too small to hold compiled program
C97 The program is too large to be compiled due to compiler limitations
C98 The code used to initialize the addresses of dummy arguments in a subroutine has exceeded the limit of 511 words. In general, the number of arguments plus the number of times arguments are used in the subroutine must not exceed 506.
C99 Total core requirements exceed 32767 words

Fortran Program I/O Error Wait Codes

Runtime errors in Fortran programs cause a processor halt. The program can be resumed by pressing PROGRAM START; the action taken is indicated in the following table by the following letters: X - program exits; N - execution continues with next statement; E - all remaining variables in the I/O statement will be treated as errors; Z - value is read or written as zero; A - the actual format specification will be used; u - UFIO not updated; U - UFIO updated.

ACC Description Action
F000 No *IOCS was specified but I/O was attempted X
F001 Local unit defined incorrectly, or no *IOCS for specified device N
F002 Requested record exceeds buffer size E
F003 Illegal character encountered in input record Z
F004 Exponent too large or too small in input Z
F005 More than one exponent encountered in input Z
F006 More than one sign encountered in input Z
F007 More than one decimal point encountered in input Z
F008 Read of output-only device, or write to input-only device N
F009 Real variable transmitted with I format or integer transmitted with E or F A
F020 Illegal unit reference u
F021 Read list exceeds length of write list U
F022 Record does not exist in read list U
F023 Maximum length of \(\)$ area on disk has been exceeded X
F024 *IOCS (UDISK) was not specified X
F100 File not defined by DEFINE FILE statement X
F101 File record number too large, zero or negative X
F102 Read error on disk X
F103 *IOCS(DISK) was not specified X
F104 Write error on disk X
F105 Length of a list element exceeds record length in DEFINE FILE X
F106 Read-after-write failed X
F107 Attempt to read or write an invalid sector address (may occur if a core image program is run with too little room in working storage) X
F108 Seek error X
F10A Define file table and/or core image header corrupted, probably by an out-of-bounds array subscript X

Macro Assembler

Assembler Control Records

*TWO PASS MODE

Requests that the assembler perform a two-pass assembly by reading the source deck twice.

By default the assembler stores intermediate output in WS, and actually does perform two logical passes, so TWO PASS MODE is not needed in most cases. It’s only needed when you really NEED to physically run the source deck through twice, as when you want to punch the object code onto the source cards.

*LIST

Requests that the assembler print a source listing (with object code values).

*XREF

Requests that the assembler print a cross-reference listing after the assembly.

*LIST DECK

xxx

*LIST DECK E

xxx

*PRINT SYMBOL TABLE

Requests that the assembler print a symbol table listing after the assembly.

*PUNCH SYMBOL TABLE

xxx

*SAVE SYMBOL TABLE

Requests that the symbol table be stored to disk as the System Symbol Table after assembly. (The System Symbol table occupies a fixed location on the disk in one of the assembler phases, and so does not appear in the LET or FLET)

*SYSTEM SYMBOL TABLE

Requests that the System Symbol Table be read in prior to assembly.

*LEVEL n

xxx

*OVERFLOW SECTORS n1,n2,n3

xxx

*COMMON nnnnn

Requests that when linked, nnnnn words of common be allocated. Used when creating assembler modules that are to be linked with Fortran modules.

*MACLIB libnm

xxx

Assembler Statement Format

After any Assembler Control statements, Assembler coding statements are formatted in columns 21 through 72. Columns 1 through 20 and 73 through 80 are ignored. The statement fields are indicated below

222222222333333333344444444445555555555666666666677777777778
123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890

label opcd FT operarand(s)… comments sequence

Most instructions follow the following field conventions:

Field Columns Description
label 21-25 An optional symbolic address definition of up to five letters. The characters allowed are A-Z, 0-9, @, #, $ and the single quote ‘. The label must start with a non-numeric character.
opcd 27-30 An opcode or assembler directive.
F 32 The Format field controls the instruction mode and length and can be one of the following characters:
blank The instruction will be one word long (except as noted). The difference between the current location and the operand value will be as the instruction’s displacement field.
X Absolute shortThe instruction will be one word long (except as noted). The operand value will be used directly as the instruction’s displacement field.
L LongThe instruction will be two words long. The operand value will be placed in the second word of the instruction (except as noted)
I Indirect—The instruction will be two words long. The operand value will be placed in the second word of the instruction and will indicate the address from which the actual instruction data will be retrieved.
T 33 The Tag field indicates an index register for indexed instructions. The tag can be one of the following values:
blank The instruction will not use an index register
1 The instruction will use index register 1
2 The instruction will use index register 2
3 The instruction will use index register 3
operands 35… Any required operands begin in column 35. The first blank column usually terminates the operand field except in the case of DMES and in the case of the character constant (period blank).
comments …72 Comments may follow the operand field after one or more blanks.
sequence 73-80 A sequence number may be punched in columns 73 through 80

Assembler Constants and Expressions

Format of constants and expressions:

/xxxx hexadecimal value
.x character value (EBCDIC code, in low byte)
label label value
±nnn decimal integer
±nnn.nnn
±nnn.nnnE±nn		 floating point value
±nnn.nnnBnn
±nnn.nnnE±nnBnn		 fixed point value

Arithmetic expressions use standard algebraic precedence. Are parentheses allowed?

Assembler Directives and Pseudo-Ops

ABS Absolute Assemble
label AGO dest Unconditional Assembly Branch
label AGOB dest Unconditional Assembly Branch Back
label AIF cnd,dest Assemble If
label AIFB cnd,dest Assemble If Back
label ANOP Assembler No Op
label BES f nwords

Block Ended by Symbol

Reserves nwords words of memory. The label is defined as the address of the last word. If f is E, the memory block starts at an even address.
label BSS f nwords

Block Started by Symbol

Reserves nwords words of memory. The label is defined as the address of the first word. If f is E, the memory block starts at an even address.
label DC value

Define Constant

Places the value value in memory. Value can be a constant or an expression.
label DEC value Define Decimal Constant
label DMES t message Define Message
label DN xxxxx Define Name
label DSA xxxxx Disk Sector Address
label DUMP saddr[,eaddr] Dump and Terminate Execution
label EBC .characters. Extended Binary Coded Information
EJCT Eject Page
END dest End Assembly
ENT dest Define Subroutine Entry Point
EPR Extended Precision Assemble
label EQU value Equate Symbol
label EXIT Return Control to the Supervisor
label FILE unit,nrec,recl,U,dest
Define Disk File
HDNG text... Set Page Heading
ILS nn Define Interrupt Level Subroutine
ISS nn dest Define Interrupt Service Subroutine
LIBF dest Call Transfer Vector Subroutine
LIBR Define Transfer Vector Subroutine
label LINK xxxxx Load and Execute Another Program
LIST [ON|OFF] Listing On / Off
MAC [x] Define Temporary Macro
MEND Macro end
label ORG value Define Origin
label PDMP saddr[,eaddr] Print Dump and Continue Execution
label PURG 'name' Remove Macro Name from Library
label SET value Set Symbol
SMAC [x] Define Stored Macro
SPAC nlines Space Listing
SPR Single Precision Assemble Mode
label XFLC value Define Extended Floating Point Constant

Instruction Opcodes

label A ft operand Add
label AND ft operand Logical And
label B ft dest Branch
label BC ft dest Branch if Carry Set
label BN ft dest Branch if Negative
label BNN ft dest Branch if Not Negative
label BNP ft dest Branch if Not Positive
label BNZ ft dest Branch if Not Zero
label BO ft dest Branch if Overflow Set
label BOD ft dest Branch if Odd
label BOSC t cnds
label BOSC ft dest[,cnds]		 Branch Out or Skip on Condition
label BP ft dest Branch if Positive
label BSC t cnds
label BSC ft dest[,cnds]		 Branch Out or Skip on Condition
label BSI t cnds
label BSI ft dest[,cnds]		 Branch and Store Instruction Address Register
label D ft dest Divide
label EOR ft dest Logical Exclusive Or
label LD ft dest Load Accumulator
label LDD ft dest Load Double
label LDS value Load Status
label M ft dest Multiply
label MDM dest,incr Modify Memory and Skip
label MDX ft incr
label MDX f dest,incr		 Modify Index and Skip
label NOP No Operation
label OR ft dest Logical Or
label RTE ft nbits Rotate Right Accumulator and Extension
label S ft dest Subtract
label SD ft dest Subtract Double
label SKP cnds Skip on Condition
label SLA ft nbits Shift Left Accumulator
label SLC ft nbits Shift Left and Count Accumulator and Extension
label SLCA ft nbits Shift Left and Count Accumulator
label SLT ft nbits Shift Left Accumulator and Extension
label SRA ft nbits Shift Right Accumulator
label SRT ft nbits Shift Right Accumulator and Extension
label STD ft dest Store Double
label STO ft dest Store Accumulator
label STS ft dest Store Status
label STX ft dest Store Index
label WAIT Wait
label XCH Exchange Accumulator and Extension
label XIO ft dest Execute I/O

Macro Assembler Error Flags

Flag Description
A An attempt has been made to specify a displacement outside the range -128 to +127.
C A character other than +, -, Z, E, C or O was detected in the first operand of a short branch or in the second operand of a long BSC, BOSC or BSI
F A character other than L, I or X was found in column 32, or L or I was specified for an instruction valid only in short form, or I was used inappropriately
L An invalid character was detected in the label field
M Multiply defined label
O Operation code is invalid, or pseudo-op incorrectly placed. (An assembler bug makes LIBR and ILS invalid after a HDNG!)
Q Questionable instruction, used on MDX with displacement of zero (which is valid but apparently suspect)
R Relation error: an expression does not have a valid relocation, an absolute displacement was not specified, an absolute origin was specified in a relocatable program, a relocatable operand was specified as a BSS or BES parameter, the target of the END statement in relocatable program was not a relocatable value, or the operand of an ENT statement was not relocatable
S Syntax error: An invalid expression was used, an invalid character was detected, END missing start address in a mainline program, EBC missing delimiter or has zero character count, invalid label in ENT or ISS, or label appears in more than one ENT
T Tag error: column 33 contains character other than blank, 0, 1, 2, or 3. (Note: in ISS and ILS statements, columns 32 and 33 can contain other digits)
U Undefined symbol
W An X or Y coordinate or both is not within specified range, or invalid operand
X A character other than R or I is in column 32 or a character other than D or N is in column 33
Z An invalid condition was specified in a conditional branch or interrupt order

Loading a DMS Disk Image

This section is not yet written

Batch file mkdms builds the components

Job deck loaddms loads the components onto a cartridge

Probably will not work on unix/linux until all files are renamed in lowercase.

Interestingly, the 1130’s assembler cannot be used for several reasons: no support for SBRK cards, poor floating point constant precision (!), and bugs which are tripped up by a LIBR directive after a HDNG directive.

Required Files

Required Utilities

Assembling DMS and Components

Building DMS for a 1132 Printer

Building DMS for a 1403 Printer

Building DMS for Alternate Memory Configurations

Data Formats

This section lists 1130 numeric data representations.

Single Word Integer Format

Single word integers are two’s complement 16-bit values stored in one word. The format is:

0 1                           15
Sign MSB integer value LSB                        

Double Word Integer Format

Double-word integers are two’s complement 32-bit values stored in two words. The first word must be stored at an even address. The most significant word is stored first. The LDD instruction loads the first word into the accumulator and the second word into the extension register. (Double word integers are used only by assembly language programs. Fortran programs always perform 16-bit integer arithmetic. When the *ONE WORD INTEGERS control record is not used, Fortran stores integers in two or three words to match the size of real numbers,, but uses only the first word for data).

even address A

0 1                           15
Sign MSB integer value                          

odd address A+1

0                             15
integer value LSB                            

Standard Precision Floating Point Format

Standard precision floating point numbers are stored in two words. The first word must be stored at an even address. The 24-bit mantissa is stored as a two’s complement signed value with an implied binary point between bits 0 and 1 of the first word. The characteristic (binary exponent) is offset by 128. Numbers are stored in normalized form so for positive numbers bit 1 is always 1 and for negative numbers bit 1 is always 0. Zero is represented as all 32 bits set to 0.

even address A

0 1                           15
Sign MSB mantissa                          

odd address A+1

0             7 8             15
mantissa LSB characteristic (offset 128)                          

Extended Precision Floating Point Format

Extended precision floating point numbers are stored in three words with no address restrictions. The 32-bit mantissa is stored as a two’s complement signed value with an implied binary point between bits 0 and 1of the second word. The characteristic (binary exponent) is offset by

  1. Numbers are stored in normalized form so for positive numbers bit 1 is always 1 and for negative numbers bit 1 is always 0. Zero is represented as all 48 bits set to 0

address A

0             7 8             15
unused characteristic (offset 128)                            

address A+1

0 1                           15
Sign MSB mantissa                          

address A+2

0                             15
mantissa LSB                            

Fixed Point Format

Assembly language programs can specify fixed point real constants. These numbers are stored as two’s complement numbers in two words with the first word at an even address. The position of the binary point is not encoded in the stored value, and must be tracked by the program. The assembler syntax for such numbers is ±nnn.nnnBbb or ±n.nnnE±eeBbb, where bb specifes the number of binary digits to the left of the implied binary point. The specifier B0 places the binary point between bits 0 and 1 of the first word; B31 places it after the least significant bit and results in a standard double word integer. The illustration below shows the interpretation of B5 format.

Even address A

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Sign MSB integer part fractional part                        

Odd address A+1

0                             15
fractional part LSB                            

Character Codes

The following table lists the 1130 character codes. The console keyboard generates Card Code values. Card code values are stored in the uppermost 12 bits of a word according to the following diagram. Eight-bit codes are stored in the lower 8 bits of a word, or are packed two characters to a word. The 1403 printer codes are actually 6 bit codes with a parity bit to ensure odd parity.

Bit:  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Punch:   12 11 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9        
Character EBCDIC IBM Card Code 1132 Printer
Subset		 Console
Printer		 Paper Tape
PTTC/8		 1403 Printer
Code
Dec. Hex Hex Hex [5] Hex Hex Hex
NUL 0 00 B030
PF punch off 4 04 8210
HT horiz tab 5 05 8110 41 6D
LC lower case 6 06 8090 6E
DEL delete 7 07 8050 7F
RES restore 20 14 4210 05 4C
NL new line 21 15 4110 81 DD
BS backspace 22 16 4090 11 5E
IDL idle 23 17 4050
BYP bypass 36 24 2210
LF line feed 37 25 2110 03 3D
EOB end of blk 38 26 2090 3E
PRE prefix 39 27 2050
PN punch on 52 34 0210
RS reader stop 53 35 0110 09 0D
UC upper case 54 36 0090 0E
EOT end of xmit 55 37 0050
space 64 40 0000 21 10 7F
¢ 74 4A 8820 02 20 (U)[6]
. (period) 75 4B 8420 4B 00 6B (L) 6E
< 76 4C 8220 DE 02 (U)
( 77 4D 8120 4D FE 19 (U) 57
+ 78 4E 80A0 4E DA 70 (U) 6D
| 79 4F 8060 C6 3B (U)
& 80 50 8000 50 44 70 (L) 15
! 90 5A 4820 42 5B (U)
$ 91 5B 4420 5B 40 5B (L) 62
* (caret) 92 5C 4220 5C D6 08 (U) 23
) 93 5D 4110 5D F6 1A (U) 2F
; (semicolon) 94 5E 40A0 D2 13 (U)
¬ (not) 95 5F 4060 F2 6B (U)
- (dash) 96 60 4000 60 84 40 (L) 61
/ 97 61 3000 61 BC 31 (L) 4C
, (comma) 107 6B 2420 6B 80 3B (L) 16
% 108 6C 2220 06 15 (U)
_ (underscore) 109 6D 2120 BE 40 (U)
> 110 6E 20A0 46 07 (U)
? 111 6F 2060 86 31 (U)
: (colon) 122 7A 0820 82 04 (U)
# 123 7B 0420 C0 0B (L)
@ 124 7C 0220 04 20 (L)
' (apostrophe) 125 7D 0120 7D E6 16 (U) 0B
= 126 7E 00A0 7E C2 01 (U) 4A
" (quotation) 127 7F 0060 E2 0B (U)
a 129 81 B000
b 130 82 A800
c 131 83 A400
d 132 84 A200
e 133 85 A100
f 134 86 A080
g 135 87 A040
h 136 88 A020
i 137 89 A010
j 145 91 D000
k 146 92 C800
l 147 93 C400
m 148 94 C200
n 149 95 C100
o 150 96 C080
p 151 97 C040
q 152 98 C020
r 153 99 C010
s 162 A2 6800
t 163 A3 6400
u 164 A4 6200
v 165 A5 6110
w 166 A6 6080
x 167 A7 6040
y 168 A8 6020
z 169 A9 6010
( + zero) 192 C0 A000
A 193 C1 9000 C1 3C or 3E 61 (U) 64
B 194 C2 8800 C2 18 or 1A 62 (U) 25
C 195 C3 8400 C3 1C or 1E 73 (U) 26
D 196 C4 8200 C4 30 or 32 64 (U) 67
E 197 C5 8110 C5 34 or 36 75 (U) 68
F 198 C6 8080 C6 10 or 12 76 (U) 29
G 199 C7 8040 C7 14 or 16 67 (U) 2A
H 200 C8 8020 C8 24 or 26 68 (U) 6B
I 201 C9 8010 C9 20 or 22 79 (U) 2C
(- zero) 208 D0 6000
J 209 D1 5000 D1 7C or 7E 51 (U) 58
K 210 D2 4800 D2 5B or 5A 52 (U) 19
L 211 D3 4400 D3 5C or 5E 43 (U) 1A
M 212 D4 4200 D4 70 or 72 54 (U) 5B
N 213 D5 4100 D5 74 or 76 45 (U) 1C
O 214 D6 4080 D6 50 or 52 46 (U) 5D
P 215 D7 4040 D7 54 or 56 57 (U) 5E
Q 216 D8 4020 D8 64 or 66 58 (U) 1F
R 217 D9 4010 D9 60 or 62 49 (U) 20
S 226 E2 2800 E2 98 or 9A 32 (U) 0D
T 227 E3 2400 E3 9C or 9E 23 (U) 0E
U 228 E4 2200 E4 B0 or B2 34 (U) 4F
V 229 E5 2100 E5 B4 or B6 25 (U) 10
W 230 E6 2080 E6 90 or 92 26 (U) 51
X 231 E7 2040 E7 94 or 96 37 (U) 52
Y 232 E8 2020 E8 A4 or A6 38 (U) 13
Z 233 E9 2010 E9 A0 or A2 29 (U) 54
0 240 F0 2000 F0 C4 1A (L) 49
1 241 F1 1000 F1 FC 01 (L) 40
2 242 F2 0800 F2 D8 02 (L) 01
3 243 F3 0400 F3 DC 13 (L) 02
4 244 F4 0200 F4 F0 04 (L) 43
5 245 F5 0100 F5 F4 15 (L) 04
6 246 F6 0080 F6 D0 16 (L) 45
7 247 F7 0040 F7 D4 07 (L) 46
8 248 F8 0020 F8 E4 08 (L) 07
9 249 F9 0010 F9 E0 19 (L) 08

Known Problems/Limitations

Simulator issues

  • The serial communications adapter is not yet functional.

  • You cannot currently have both an 1132 and 1403 printer at the same time.

DMS issues

  • The DMS Macro Assembler does not like some of the directives and fixed point constants in the DMS source code. This is not a bug in the emulator, but in the 1130’s own assembler. IBM cross-assembled DMS on a 360 or 370. For this package, DMS must be assembled using the asm1130 cross assembler.

  • Until 10/24/2012, due to a bug in the cross assembler asm1130, the FORTRAN extended precision SQRT() function was defective. DMS images obtained from us prior to this date should be replaced with a newer version.

  • There is a bug in the Fortran compiler: If you call a function with no arguments, it will flag the wrong statement with the C36 syntax error.

  • Be very careful when calling subroutines and functions. The 1130’s subroutine linkage is pretty fragile. If you pass the wrong number of arguments, the 1130 will end up executing data.

  • On our DMS image, DUP STORECI crashes DMS. This is likely due to a bug in the simulator or the cross assembler.

  1. Not in ibm1130code.zip, which is packaged for simh users.

  2. These utilities are not terribly important. They were written mainly as debugging aids during development of the emulator and while learning how to build DMS.

  3. This is used to help debug DMS. You can happily ignore it.

  4. These probably don’t work yet

  5. # any unlisted code will be printed as a space by the PRNT1 subroutine

  6. * (U) or (L) mean that the code is defined in upper case mode or lower case mode, respectively

COPYRIGHT NOTICE and LICENSE

The following copyright notice applies to the SIMH source, binary, and documentation:

Original code published in 1993-20XX, written by Robert M Supnik

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL ROBERT M SUPNIK BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Except as contained in this notice, the names of the authors shall not be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale, use or other dealings in this Software without prior written authorization from each author.

Based on the SIMH package written by Robert M Supnik (C) Copyright 2002, Brian Knittel. You may freely use this program, but: it offered strictly on an AS-IS, AT YOUR OWN RISK basis, there is no warranty of fitness for any purpose, and the rest of the usual yada-yada. Please keep this notice and the copyright in any distributions or modifications.